Determination of Perchlorate at Trace Levels in Drinking Water by Ion-Pair Extraction with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Magnuson, Matthew L.; Urbansky, Edward T.; Kelty, Catherine A.

doi:10.1021/ac9909204

Cited by 83 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Unfortunately, liquid-phase mass spectrometric methods are often hindered by ion-suppression and ion-enhancement effects, where nontarget species interfere with accurate quantification. To obtain accurate quantitation using IC-MS or LC-MS techniques, many investigators used cleanup techniques to minimize interfering compounds (21) or standard addition to compensate for suppression/enhancement artifacts (36,37,41).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace Analysis of Bromate, Chlorate, Iodate, and Perchlorate in Natural and Bottled Waters

Snyder

Vanderford

Rexing

2005

Environ. Sci. Technol.

183

112

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A simple and rapid method has been developed to simultaneously measure sub-µg/L quantities of the oxyhalide anions bromate, chlorate, iodate, and perchlorate in water samples. Water samples (10 mL) are passed through barium and hydronium cartridges to remove sulfate and carbonate, respectively. The method utilizes the direct injection of 10 µL volumes of water samples into a liquid chromatography-tandem triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system. Ionization is accomplished using electrospray ionization in negative mode. The method detection limits were 0.021 µg/L for perchlorate, 0.045 µg/L for bromate, 0.070 µg/L for iodate, and 0.045 µg/L for chlorate anions in water. The LC-MS/MS method described here was compared to established EPA methods 300.1 and 317.1 for bromate analysis and EPA method 314.0 for perchlorate analysis. Samples collected from sites with known contamination were split and sent to certified laboratories utilizing EPA methods for bromate and perchlorate analysis. At concentrations above the reporting limits for EPA methods, the method described here was always within 20% of the established methods, and generally within 10%. Twenty-one commercially available bottled waters were analyzed for oxyhalides. The majority of bottled waters contained detectable levels of oxyhalides, with perchlorate e0.74 µg/L, bromate e76 µg/L, iodate e25 µg/ L, and chlorate e5.8 µg/L. Perchlorate, iodate, and chlorate were detectable in nearly all natural waters tested, while bromate was only detected in treated waters. Perchlorate was found in several rivers and reservoirs where it was not found previously using EPA 314.0 (reporting limit of 4 µg/L). This method was also applied to common detergents used for cleaning laboratory glassware and equipment to evaluate the potential for sample contamination. Only chlorate appeared as a major oxyhalide in the detergents evaluated, with concentrations up to 517 µg/g. Drinking water treatment plants were also evaluated using this method. Significant formations of chlorate and bromate are demonstrated from hypochlorite generation and ozonation. From the limited data set provided here, it appears that perchlorate is a ubiquitous contaminant of natural waters at trace levels.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace Analysis of Bromate, Chlorate, Iodate, and Perchlorate in Natural and Bottled Waters

Snyder

Vanderford

Rexing

2005

Environ. Sci. Technol.

183

112

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“…Although IC is emerging as the most viable means for the routine quantification of trace level perchlorate, this anion has been determined by ESI-MS after ion-pair extraction and by ESI-MS/MS (Magnuson et al, 2000b;Koester et al, 2003). The sensitivity of ESI-MS detection is comparable to (or greater than) conductivity detection, with some method detection limits in the sub-µg l -1 range.…”

Section: Perchloratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The additional capabilities of MS detection provide high detection specificity, allowing analyte confirmation and quantification of unresolved solutes. Magnuson et al (2000b) combined ion-pair extraction with ESI-MS to determine perchlorate at trace levels in drinking water. They investigated cationic surfactants, such as alkyltrimethylammonium salts, for their dual role in the formation of a solvent extractable ion pair and electrosprayable selective complex for mass detection to achieve a MDL of 100 ng l -1 .…”

Section: Perchloratementioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of methods for the determination of DBPs

Cancho-Grande

Ventura²

2013

Global NEST Journal

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Chloroform and other bromochlorotrihalomethanes were first identified as disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in chlorinated water in 1970s. Since then, many other DBPs have been identified such as haloacetonitriles, haloacetaldehydes, cyanogen halides, aldehydes, ketoacids, chlorite, bromate and other organic and inorganic compounds. Due to their occurrence and potential health risks, the U.S.EPA promulgated the Stage I Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts (D-DBP) Rule in 1998. To assist water utilities monitoring DBPs in their finished water, the U.S. EPA published a list of approved analytical methods under the D-DBP Rule. In 1996, the U.S. EPA also promulgated the Information Collection Rule (ICR) to collect brackground information on DBPs and pathogens for the Stage II D-DBP-Rule. Actually 500 DBPs are known but few have been investigated for their quantitative occurrence and health effects. Due to the fact that their identification and quantitation have become extremely important to drinking water companies in order to reduce or remove their presence, other analytical methods different from those proposed by U.S. EPA have been optimized and are now commented in this article.

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“…perchlorate in drinking water; after ion-pair extracBromate determination is usually carried out by tion, a detection limit of 0.1 mg / l can be achieved ion chromatography (IC) with conductivity detec- [24]. However, the method is somewhat complex and tion, as also suggested by EPA method 300.1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of trace level bromate and perchlorate in drinking water by ion chromatography with an evaporative preconcentration technique

Liu

Mou

Heberling³

2002

Journal of Chromatography A

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A simple sample preconcentration technique employing microwave-based evaporation for the determination of trace level bromate and perchlorate in drinking water with ion chromatography is presented. With a hydrophilic anion-exchange column and a sodium hydroxide eluent in linear gradient, bromate and perchlorate can be determined in one injection within 35 min. Prior to ion chromatographic analysis, the drinking water sample was treated with an OnGuard-Ag cartridge to remove the superfluous chloride and concentrated 20-fold using a PTFE beaker in a domestic microwave oven for 15 min. The recoveries of the anions ranged from 94.6% for NO to 105.2% for F . The detection limits for bromate, perchlorate, iodate 2 and chlorate were 0.1, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.2 mg / l, respectively. The developed method is applicable for the quantitation of bromate and perchlorate in drinking water samples.

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Determination of Perchlorate at Trace Levels in Drinking Water by Ion-Pair Extraction with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Cited by 83 publications

References 13 publications

Trace Analysis of Bromate, Chlorate, Iodate, and Perchlorate in Natural and Bottled Waters

Trace Analysis of Bromate, Chlorate, Iodate, and Perchlorate in Natural and Bottled Waters

Optimization of methods for the determination of DBPs

Determination of trace level bromate and perchlorate in drinking water by ion chromatography with an evaporative preconcentration technique

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