Determination of Pesticide Residues in Integrated Pest Management and Nonintegrated Pest Management Samples of Apple (Malus pumilaMill.)

Abstract

Studies were undertaken to analyze the residues of commonly used pesticides viz. chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, dicofol, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, propargite, malathion, phorate, carbendazim, carbosulfan, thiamethoxam, and mancozeb in apple of integrated pest management (IPM) and non-IPM samples collected from the IPM and non-IPM fields of Shimla. We also present a method for the determination of these pesticides in apple samples. Residues of chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, dicofol, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and propargite were analyzed by gas chromatography, while residues of carbendazim, carbosulfan, and thiamethoxam were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Residues of mancozeb were determined by a colorimetric method. Recoveries of all of the pesticides ranged from 61.30 to 95.46% at 0.1, 0.2, and 1.0 microg g(-1) levels of fortification with relative standard deviations ranging between 0.8 and 8.7. Apples from IPM and non-IPM orchards were analyzed for these pesticides using a developed method. Except for carbendazim and chlorpyrifos, the residues of all of the pesticides analyzed were below detectable limits. Although residues of carbendazim and chlorpyrifos were below the prescribed limits of maximum residue levels in both IPM and non-IPM orchards, residues were lower in apples from IPM orchards.

Laboratory Rodent Diets Contain Toxic Levels of Environmental Contaminants: Implications for Regulatory Tests

“…Rat pellets are mostly constituted of cereals (wheat, maize or barley) and other legumes (such as soybean). These are sprayed with different pesticides according to the methods of cultivation, but also according to the year or location, resulting in different contaminants [ 6 , 7 ]. Pesticides are formulated toxics ( Fig 1A ), supposed to be specific for plants (herbicides), insects (insecticides) or fungi (fungicides).…”

Pesticide use in Nepal : The assessment of residues and risk

“…As a result, their detection suggest immediate action needs to be taken to minimize the risk of pesticide exposure. Previous studies showed that food grown conventionally had higher concentrations of pesticides than food grown on IPM fields (Mladenova and Shtereva, 2009;Singh et al, 2009). Our study also showed that most vegetables grown conventionally had higher levels of pesticide residues than food grown using IPM methods.…”

“…The farmers were motivated to adopt good agricultural practises such as appropriate use of pesticides, crop rotation and intercropping. Likewise, studies carried out elsewhere stated lower concentrations of residues on the IPMfarmed foodstuffs than on non-IPM (Baker et al, 2002;Mladenova and Shtereva, 2009;Singh et al, 2009). This clearly indicated that IPM farming could contribute to minimizing the effects of pesticides on health and the environment without decreasing crop yields (Bürger et al, 2008;Mariyono, 2008).…”

Factors driving growers’ selection and implementation of an apple crop protection strategy at the farm level

“…While some studies focused on the effects of a given technique on yield, fruit quality, and/or insect populations (Wyss and Daniel, 2004;Bogo et al, 2012), others sought to compare the performance of various protection management options with regard to these variables (Singh et al, 2009;Simon et al, 2011). Some studies were carried out at the orchard level, defined as the set of apple plots on a farm.…”