Determination of prenatal exposure to parabens and triclosan and estimation of maternal and fetal burden

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Impact of Paraben Exposure on Adiposity-Related Measures: An Updated Literature Review of Population-Based Studies

“…Biological matrices were collected at various gestational ages, with urine as the predominantly measured biological matrix. A few studies measured paraben concentrations using placentae or amniotic fluid [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. The majority of these studies showed that parabens could cross the placental barrier [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

“…A few studies measured paraben concentrations using placentae or amniotic fluid [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. The majority of these studies showed that parabens could cross the placental barrier [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Early life exposure to parabens is associated with increases in the gestational weight gain (GWG) rate [ 32 ], changes in height, head, hip, or arm circumference [ 28 , 30 , 33 , 34 ], z-scores of bodyweight [ 35 ], BMI or BMI z-scores [ 31 , 36 , 37 ], and overweight status in early childhood [ 38 ], although the direction of associations depends on the type of parabens and gender ( Table 1 ).…”

“…Because the onset of puberty has an impact on body lean and fat mass [ 40 ], the dynamic and substantial increase in sex hormones in the participants could mask the impact of weak exogenous chemical exposures on body weight and fat mass. In the smaller study [ 29 ], only 20% of the amniotic fluid samples had detectable levels of methylparaben (MeP), and all other parabens were detected in less than 2% of the samples, reducing the statistical power of the analysis.…”

“…In some studies, participants provided first-morning/early-morning urine samples [ 62 , 68 , 69 ], whereas, in other studies, the timing of urine collection was different, even within the same study [ 65 , 67 , 70 ]. In some studies, fasting morning samples were collected from at least a portion of the participants [ 7 , 67 ], while in other studies, no such information was provided [ 29 , 62 , 64 , 68 , 71 , 72 , 73 ]. Seasonal variability in EDS concentrations in urine, including parabens, is well documented [ 69 , 70 ]; however, seasonal timing of exposure was not considered in most of these studies.…”

“…Early-life determination of adult health theory suggests that there is a vulnerable biological window during which exposure to sufficient doses of endocrine disruptors is associated with an increased risk of adverse health outcomes [ 77 ]. Results of human studies from multiple countries indicate that parabens can cross the placental barrier [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Fetal exposure to parabens is associated with altered gestational weight gain [ 32 ], height, head, hip, or arm circumference [ 28 , 30 , 33 , 34 , 41 ], z-scores of weight and length [ 35 ], BMI z-scores [ 31 , 38 ], and overweight status in early childhood [ 38 ].…”