Determination of refractive index variation of a glass-integrated optical waveguide by the acousto-optic effect

Abstract

Ion exchange on a glass substrate is now a well-known technology that enables the realization of optical waveguide devices. In recent years, the hybridization of ion-exchanged glass waveguides has become a promising method for functional integration. In this context, an integrated Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), made by ion exchange on a glass substrate, was used to realize an acousto-optic modulator. Over one arm of the MZI a PZT ceramic driven by a high-voltage signal was glued. The acoustic waves cross the light waveguide and locally modify the refractive index of the glass. The optical intensity observed at the output of the interferometer varies according to the piezoelectric ceramic excitation. This component is used to find the relation between the refractive index change induced and the applied stress. Measurements were made for two linear polarizations: TE and TM. The proposed method was validated on a specific glass substrate and can be directly extended to any kind of glass.

Effect of solvent on structure and optical properties of PZT nanoparticles prepared by sol–gel method, in infrared region

“…One of these materials is lead zirconate titanate Pb(Zr x ,Ti 1Àx )O 3 , PZT, which exhibits pyroelectric, piezoelectric and electro-optical properties. This material is promising for practical applications such as infrared detectors, ferroelectric non-volatile random access memories [3], optical modulators and optical waveguides [4]. Synthesizing the single phase of PZT nanoparticles, PZT-NPs, which are free of the pyrocholore phase, for these applications is the main task of researchers seeking to prepare a good device for these applications.…”

“…The optical properties of PZT-NPs, namely the reflectance, phase evolution, refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary part of dielectric constant and loss energy function were investigated by the K-K relations. 4 , and 70% in 1-propanol, Sigma-Aldrich), 2-methoxyethanol and poly ethylene glycol were used as two different solvents to prepare the precursor solutions for PZT-NP drawing. The atomic ratio of the Pb:Zr:Ti of the solution was 1:0.52:0.48 and 10% excess lead acetate was introduced.…”