Determination of residual low-order detonation particle characteristics from IMX-104 mortar rounds

Bigl, Matthew F.; Beal, Samuel; Ramsey, Charles A.

doi:10.21079/11681/42163

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…As reported in Bigl et al (2021), when testing IMX-104 mortar rounds, ice conditions played a critical role in the ease and likely effectiveness of particle collection. Bumps, cracks in the ice, and residual snow can prevent particles from being collected, leading the reported mass distributions to serve as minimum estimates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The main assumption with this correction is that the samples did not undergo fractionation during LD-PSA. The prior study of IMX-104 (Bigl et al 2021) did observe some differences in particle composition between material collected in the LD-PSA vacuum filter and collection basin. In the present study, only the material collected in the basin was analyzed, as the finer material in the vacuum filter was difficult to remove and was more prone to run-to-run carryover.…”

Section: Sample Compositionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The prior task of the project (Environmental Security Technology Certification Program [ESTCP] ER18-5105) demonstrated a complete method of characterizing LO-detonation particles by using 60 mm and 81 mm mortar rounds filled with IMX-104 (Bigl et al 2021). This method used a fuze simulator to initiate LO detonations and bare ice as a sampling medium, combined with a complete particle-characterization suite and quality-control sampling approach.…”

Section: Figures and Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LO detonations were performed by replacing the standard-issue fuze with the CFS containing a field-variable amount of C-4 and initiating with an electric blasting cap (M. R. Walsh et al 2011). The command-detonation method used was identical to that of prior tests using IMX-104 rounds (Bigl et al 2021), with the exception of the use of a pocket penetrometer to press the C-4 in the CFS to 8.7 psi to ensure consistency of C-4 packing (Figure 1). Additionally, a C-4 punch was used prior to threading the CFS into the round to ensure the C-4 plug was not unseated during this process, and vinyl tape was put over the fuze well to keep the plug from being pushed into the supplemental-charge well during arming.…”

Section: Command Detonationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Particle masses in the fine fraction were corrected based upon HPLC energetic purity analyses, and masses in the coarse fraction were collected after removal of nonenergetic detritus. A detailed overview of this process is outlined in Bigl et al (2021) for IMX-104 particles recovered from both 60 and 81 mm mortar rounds. Given the M821 C868 round has a predetonation energetic mass of 726 g, the total purity-corrected particle masses represent estimated consumption efficiencies of 68%, 82%, and 64% for LO6, LO7, and LO8, respectively.…”

Section: Particle-mass Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of residual low-order detonation particle characteristics from Composition B mortar rounds

Bigl¹,

Beal²,

Ramsey³

2022

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Empirical measurements of the spatial distribution, particle-size distribution, mass, morphology, and energetic composition of particles from low-order (LO) detonations are critical to accurately characterizing environ-mental impacts on military training ranges. This study demonstrated a method of generating and characterizing LO-detonation particles, previously applied to insensitive munitions, to 81 mm mortar rounds containing the conventional explosive formulation Composition B. The three sampled rounds had estimated detonation efficiencies ranging from 64% to 82% as measured by sampled residual energetic material. For all sampled rounds, energetic deposition rates were highest closer to the point of detonation; however, the mass per radial meter varied. The majority of particles (>60%), by mass, were <2 mm in size. However, the spatial distribution of the <2 mm particles from the point of detonation varied be-tween the three sampled rounds. In addition to the particle-size-distribution results, several method performance observations were made, including command-detonation configurations, sampling quality control, particle-shape influence on laser-diffraction particle-size analysis (LD-PSA), and energetic purity trends. Overall, this study demonstrated the successful characterization of Composition B LO-detonation particles from command detonation through combined analysis by LD-PSA and sieving.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Sample Compositionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Figures and Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Command Detonationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Particle-mass Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of residual low-order detonation particle characteristics from Composition B mortar rounds

Bigl¹,

Beal²,

Ramsey³

2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Effect of gypsum on transport of IMX‐104 constituents in overland flow under simulated rainfall

Polyakov,

Beal,

Meding

et al. 2024

J of Env Quality

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Residue of energetic formulations, which is deposited on military training grounds following incomplete detonation, poses biotic hazards. This residue can be transported off‐site, adsorb to soil clays and organic matter, transform or degrade, or taken up by plants and animals. Its harmful effects can be mitigated by localizing the energetics at the site of initial deposition using soil amendments and allowing them to bio‐ and photodegrade in situ. Small plots with coarse loamy soil were used to study the effect of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) on transport and redistribution under simulated rainfall of various sizes of insensitive munition explosive (IMX)‐104 particles, which consist of 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one (NTO), 2,4‐dinitroanisole (DNAN), hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX), and octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tertranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX). The addition of gypsum more than doubled infiltration and decreased sediment loss by 16% compared to the control. The post‐rainfall mass balance of IMX‐104 in the order from greater to smaller pools was as follows: (1) soil surface retention, (2) off‐site loss to overland flow, and (3) sub‐surface infiltration. Overall, the application of gypsum significantly decreased concentration and the total mass loss of dissolved DNAN, RDX, and HMX in surface runoff. In addition, gypsum significantly decreased (for NTO, DNAN, and HMX) or delayed (for NTO, DNAN, RDX, and HMX) the peak discharge of <2 mm particulate energetics. The infiltration of NTO in the gypsum treatment was fivefold greater than in the control. Moreover, DNAN and RDX were also present in infiltration, while in the gypsum‐free control none were found. Gypsum shifted the total mass balance of energetics toward subsurface flow. This study indicates that gypsum may decrease off‐site transport of energetic constituents in the soils that are subject to surface sealing.

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Determination of residual low-order detonation particle characteristics from IMX-104 mortar rounds

Cited by 2 publications

References 20 publications

Determination of residual low-order detonation particle characteristics from Composition B mortar rounds

Determination of residual low-order detonation particle characteristics from Composition B mortar rounds

Effect of gypsum on transport of IMX‐104 constituents in overland flow under simulated rainfall

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