Determination of residues of pesticides, anabolic steroids, antibiotics, and antibacterial compounds in meat products in Oman by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Abstract

Background and Aim: Meat is a rich source of many nutrients and plays a vital role in human life however, meat safety is one of the top priorities of great concern for consumers today. More than 90% of human exposure to harmful materials is due to consumption of contaminated meat products. This study was designed to compare four valid analytical methods for the determination of organochlorine pesticides 2,4 D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene/ dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, alachlor, organophosphate, anabolic steroids (progesterone, testosterone, and estrogen), antibiotics (tetracycline, sulfonamides, gentamycin, and cephalexin), antibacterial compounds (Macrolide, β-Lactam, Chloramphenicol, Sulphur drugs, and Gentamicin) residues in 135 beef, buffalo, and sheep meat samples (fresh, frozen meats, minced, and sausage samples) of local, regional, and international brands available in Omani markets. Materials and Methods: Triplicate meat samples from each brand within each species were extracted with acetonitrile and purified with acetonitrile-saturated n-hexane to remove all impurities. To dry the sample after heating, the residue was passed across a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge for sample cleaning before gas chromatography (GC) (Brand GCMS-QP2010 Plus) coupled with different detectors, including a mass spectrometer or GC-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was also employed for the quantification of the residues in meat products. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were employed to assess veterinary drug residues, anabolic steroids, and pesticides. The CHARM II instrument was employed to detect chloramphenicol, gentamicin, sulfa-drug, β-lactam, and macrolide residues in meat and meat product samples. Results: A thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method should be considered as another method of choice to determine concentrations of veterinary drugs and anabolic steroids. The TLC results were validated by LC-MS. The three described methods permit the multi-residue analysis of anabolic steroid residue levels of 0.06-1.89 ppb in meat product samples. There were three violative residues of anabolic steroids in red meat products that were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Although, the levels of organochlorine pesticides and antibiotic concentrations in meat products were below the MRLs, the long-term consumption is considered a health hazard and will affect the wellbeing of consumers. Conclusion: The four techniques (GC, high-performance liquid chromatography, ELISA and CHARM II) provided results that were reliable and precise for the detection of chessssmical residues in meat and meat products.

Tolerance of Pseudomonas strain to the 2,4-D herbicide through a peroxidase system

“…Humans are exposed to the 2,4-D herbicide, as are 27–28% of Canadian farmers working with corn, soybeans, and other grains [ 5 ]. Traces of pesticides, including 2,4-D, were found in meat products in markets in Oman [ 6 ]. This herbicide was found in high concentrations in aquatic environments in The Kibale National Park in Uganda, with water samples inducing thyroid and estrogen axis disrupting in vivo activities in Xenopus laevis , plus affecting development and behavior of this model organism [ 7 ].…”

Effect of Changes in Veterinary Feed Directive Regulations on Violative Antibiotic Residues in the Tissue of Food Animals from the Inspector-Generated Sampling in the United States

“…Hence, imprudent use of tetracycline, including incorrect dosage and route of administration [ 23 , 24 , 25 ], may have contributed to the residue violations observed in this study. Previous studies have reported that failure to follow meat withdrawal periods and extra-label use of injectable tetracycline may be associated with antibiotic residues in the tissues of food animals [ 23 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Future studies are warranted to investigate practices of injectable antibiotic administration, including extra-label use, treatment documentation, and knowledge of antibiotic withdrawal periods in food animals with clinical illnesses, to elucidate the spectrum of these issues (after the implementation of changes in VFD regulations) at the farm level in the U.S.…”

Determination of Tetracycline Residues in Kidney and Muscle of Beef Cattle Slaughtered in Dire Dawa and Harar Municipal Abattoirs, Eastern Ethiopia

“…Then, the samples were transported to Haramaya University Laboratory, packed in an icebox and stored at a temperature of −18 to −20°C until they were further transported for analysis, drug administration and quality control authority laboratory. 24 Then, the samples were analyzed at the Ethiopian drug administration and quality control authority laboratory, Addis Ababa.…”