Determination of rhodamine wt in surface water by solid-phase extraction and HPLC with fluorescence detection

Hofstraat, Johannes W.; Steendijk, M.M; Vriezekolk, Gertie; Schreurs, W.H.P.; Broer, G.J.A.A.; Wijnstok, N.

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(91)90169-q

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The innovative application of bacteria spores used by Nightingale et al [2000b] is an option but has a limited dynamic range for large‐scale open ocean experiments. Dyes such as Rhodamine WT measured by HPLC with fluorescence detection [e.g., Hofstraat et al , 1991; Suijlen et al , 1994] hold some promise, as demonstrated by Upstill‐Goddard et al [2001], but losses due to absorption and photobleaching need to be properly quantified [ Smart and Laidlaw , 1977].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a universal relationship between wind speed and gas exchange: Gas transfer velocities measured with³He/SF₆during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment

Ho¹,

Wanninkhof²,

Schlosser³

et al. 2011

J. Geophys. Res.

128

173

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He/SF 6 dual-gas tracer injections were conducted during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment (SO GasEx) to determine gas transfer velocities. During the experiment, wind speeds of up to 16.4 m s −1 were encountered. A total of 360 3 He and 598 SF 6 samples were collected at 40 conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) rosette casts and two pumped stations. The gas transfer velocity k was calculated from the decrease in the observed 3 He/SF 6 ratio using three different approaches. Discrete points of wind speed and corresponding k were obtained from the change in 3 He/SF 6 ratio over three time intervals. The results were also evaluated using an analytical model and a 1-D numerical model. The results from the three approaches agreed within the error of the estimates of about ±13%-15% for Patch 1 and ±4% for Patch 2. Moreover, 3 He/SF 6 dual-tracer results from SO GasEx are similar to those from other areas in both the coastal and open ocean and are in agreement with existing parameterizations between wind speed and gas exchange. This suggests that wind forcing is the major driver of gas exchange for slightly soluble gases in the ocean and that other known impacts are either intrinsically related to wind or have a small effect (<20% on average) on time scales of the order of days to weeks. The functionality of the wind speed dependence (quadratic or cubic) cannot be unequivocally determined from SO GasEx results.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a universal relationship between wind speed and gas exchange: Gas transfer velocities measured with³He/SF₆during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment

Ho¹,

Wanninkhof²,

Schlosser³

et al. 2011

J. Geophys. Res.

128

173

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“…Use of RWT in quantitative tracing is further confounded by the fact that tracer-grade RWT consists of two primary fluorescent compounds (assumed to be isomers of RWT) and other minor fluorescent constituents (14,15). These potential isomers possess slightly different UV-vis absorption (15) and fluorescence emission spectra (16); hence, each compound has a distinct relationship between concentration and fluorescence or UV-vis absorption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracer-Grade Rhodamine WT: Structure of Constituent Isomers and Their Sorption Behavior

Vasudevan

Fimmen

Francisco

2001

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Rhodamine WT (RWT), a fluorescent xanthene dye, is often used as a conservative tracer in aquifer characterization and as a surrogate or sorbing tracer for contaminant fate and transport. Quantitative tracing employing RWT is confounded by the presence of two major fluorescent constituents in the tracer-grade mixture. Here, we have confirmed that the two constituents are isomers of RWT, elucidated their molecular structures and their percent mass distribution in the tracer-grade mixture, and examined their individual sorption behavior onto soil solids. The energy-minimized geometry of the meta isomer indicates that it possesses a greater potential for (i) hydrophobic exclusion from bulk solution, (ii) electrostatic attraction to the solid phase, and (iii) surface complexation with surface-bound Al and Fe ions as compared with the para isomer. Hence, the meta isomer consistently sorbs to a higher extent onto the mineral phases examined. The para isomer has the potential to be a nearly conservative tracer, and the meta isomer has the potential to be a nonconservative tracer. To facilitate RWT use as a conservative tracer and comparison of tracer tests at different locations, we recommend modification of the RWT manufacturing process toward production of 100% of the para isomer. Alternatively, appropriately designed tests with tracer-grade RWT have the potential for simultaneous estimation of hydraulic parameters and contaminant fate and transport.

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“…Previous studies have shown that, with appropriate controls, all losses could be attributed to sorption (8). RWT concentrations (4)(5) for each soil and cosolvent fraction combination were used to calculate avalue of K,, the linear partition coefficient. Duplicates were evaluated for each set of conditions, and chemical and soil blanks were measured for each isotherm study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosolvency Effects on Sorption of a Semipolar, Ionogenic Compound (Rhodamine WT) with Subsurface Materials

Soerens¹,

Sabatini²

1994

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The sorption of rhodamine WT (RWT), a semipolar ionizable fluorescent dye, from methanoljwater and acetonejwater mixtures was investigated using batch and column studies with two natural subsurface media. The utilities of cosolvency, solubility, and sorption theories were evaluated. The effect of cosolvents on sorption of RWT showed significant deviations from the log-linear cosolvency model. The observed cosolvency effects on sorption are qualitatively consistent with that expected for semipolar solutes or for organic acids. However, the quantitative application of either the semipolar cosolvency model or the cosolvency model with speciation could not adequately describe the observed behavior. The magnitude of the cosolvency effect differed for the two subsurface media. This difference can be attributed in part to pH differences but also suggests interactions of the ionic form of RWT with mineral surfaces. This study demonstrates the need for additional research to elucidate the important mechanisms involved in the sorption of semipolar and ionogenic compounds.

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Determination of rhodamine wt in surface water by solid-phase extraction and HPLC with fluorescence detection

Cited by 21 publications

References 9 publications

Toward a universal relationship between wind speed and gas exchange: Gas transfer velocities measured with³He/SF₆during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment

Toward a universal relationship between wind speed and gas exchange: Gas transfer velocities measured with³He/SF₆during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment

Tracer-Grade Rhodamine WT: Structure of Constituent Isomers and Their Sorption Behavior

Cosolvency Effects on Sorption of a Semipolar, Ionogenic Compound (Rhodamine WT) with Subsurface Materials

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Determination of rhodamine wt in surface water by solid-phase extraction and HPLC with fluorescence detection

Cited by 21 publications

References 9 publications

Toward a universal relationship between wind speed and gas exchange: Gas transfer velocities measured with3He/SF6during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment

Toward a universal relationship between wind speed and gas exchange: Gas transfer velocities measured with3He/SF6during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment

Tracer-Grade Rhodamine WT: Structure of Constituent Isomers and Their Sorption Behavior

Cosolvency Effects on Sorption of a Semipolar, Ionogenic Compound (Rhodamine WT) with Subsurface Materials

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Toward a universal relationship between wind speed and gas exchange: Gas transfer velocities measured with³He/SF₆during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment

Toward a universal relationship between wind speed and gas exchange: Gas transfer velocities measured with³He/SF₆during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment