Determination of Segregation Tendency of Granules Using Surface Imaging

Texture analysis as a tool to study the kinetics of wet agglomeration processes

“…It is important to emphasize here that no attempt were made to determine the full PSD of the granulation products with TA since this task is beyond the scopes of this work. In previous literature works full PSDs of granules have been measured with TA by using static samples under sequential bidirectional lightning (Laitinen et al, 2002;Lakio et al, 2012). The strictly controlled lighting conditions adopted in such works can not be obtained inside the mixer in dynamic conditions so that we limited the study to the use of a simple texture index, the STD, related to particle size in average sense.…”

“…Texture analysis (TA) of digital images of the powder bed surface (also known as surface imaging (Lakio et al, 2012)) can be potentially used in this sense. TA is already used in a variety of applications spanning from remote sensing to automated inspection and medical image processing (Russ, 1999;Gonzales et al, 2004).…”

“…The basic idea behind the use of TA is that smooth surfaces will have small variation in gray scale values and the rougher the surface the larger are the variations. In 3 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 the pharmaceutical context it has been used to determine the particle size distribution (PSD) (Laitinen et al, 2002) and the segregation tendency of granulated products (Lakio et al, 2012) in static conditions. In this work the wet granulation process was studied with TA by taking time series of digital images of the moving powder bed inside the granulator during the whole granulation process.…”

Fuzzy Logic-Based Expert System for Evaluating Cake Quality of Freeze-Dried Formulations

“…In the pharmaceutical field, IA has also received increasing attention and has been applied for evaluating film-coating thickness, morphological properties of particles, powder properties, crystal growth, and granulation processes. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] The strength of IA in the context of cake evaluation is that it removes subjectivity, high-labor intensity, and low throughput of the wellestablished expert assessment, while having the potential for using the same visual information.…”

Challenges in Detecting Magnesium Stearate Distribution in Tablets

“…Segregation can also pose a problem during the tableting process (22,23). It is known to be more pronounced with larger particles such as granules and when the size distribution is broad.…”