Determination of selected quaternary ammonium compounds by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Part II. Application to sediment and sludge samples in Austria

Martínez-Carballo, Elena; González-Barreiro, C.; Sitka, Andrea; Kreuzinger, Norbert; Scharf, Sigrid; Gans, Oliver

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.07.016

Cited by 128 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

128

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…8 Moreover, ATMAC-20 have been reported to be an impurity in commercial products and its depositional trends in sediment were correlated with ATMAC-18 and ATMAC-22, which suggested its origins from the stearyltrimonium and behentrimonium products. 8 The low proportions of ATMAC 10−14 to total ATMAC concentrations were consistent with previous reports in sediment 13 and biosolids 21 from different regions, which could be explained by the limited usage and lower hydrophobicity. 34 However, as illustrated in SI Table S5, strong correlations (R = 0.340−0.978, p < 0.05) were found between the different ATMACs, which might suggest similar commercial applications or sources.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Formulations of DADMACs with lower carbon chains (DADMAC C8−10) are used as a new generation of QAC-based disinfectants, 37 and high abundance of DADMAC-8:8, 8:10, and 10:10 were observed in both the surface water and sewage affected aquatic environment. 9,13,17 A small amount of DADMAC-8:8 and 10:10 were found in our sludge samples with GM concentrations as 5.96 and 158 ng/g, while DADMAC-8:10 was not detected.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…For instance, BAC-14 and BAC-16 were both more abundant compared to BAC-12 in stream and wastewater as well as river sediment in the U.S., 16,17,19 while BAC-18 made up the vast majority of BAC homologues in Taiwanese river water and sewage effluent, which was interpreted to be derived from the household usage of hair condition products. 14 However, higher levels of the less hydrophobic BAC-12 and 14 homologues were found in surface water, 9,16 sediment, 9,13 and sludge samples 13,34 in Austria. Besides commercial applications, the presence of organic contaminants in sewage sludge could also be influenced by their physical-chemical properties.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…DADMAC C14− 18, also normally referred to as ditallowdimethylammonium chloride (DTDMAC), have been a focus of attention in recent decades due to extensive usage as fabric softeners, which resulted in concerns regarding their high levels in sewage sludge during the early 1990s. 13,20 Meanwhile, significant proportions of DADMAC homologues, such as DADMAC-10:10 and mixed DADMAC-16:18 and DADMAC-14:16 were also found recently in urban estuarine sediment environments. 17,18 In this work, almost all of the previously reported DADMACs, such as DADMAC-8:8, 10:10, 12:12, 14:14, 14:16, 16:16, 16:18, and 18:18, were found in the investigated sludge samples.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lower abundances of BACs (averaged proportion: 6 ± 14%) compared with ATMACs (averaged proportion: 40 ± 21%) were different from the QAC abundance profiles reported in various environmental compartments. 13,18,34 No statistical correlation was found between grouped WWTP sludge treatment techniques (anaerobic-anoxic-oxic, anoxic/oxic, oxidation ditch, and sequencing batch reactor) and logtransformed concentrations of different QAC analogues (SI Figures S6−S8, Tables S5 and S7, R = 0.309−0.450, p < 0.05), indicating some association between the QAC levels in WWTPs and serving population. 29 As also noted in SI 38 The expected total degradation time for the QAC analytes were all on the order of "weeks"to "weeks to months" levels with the BIOWIN3 scores ranging from 2.28 to 3.02.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Identification and Composition of Emerging Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Ruan

Song

Wang

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

123

105

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have raised considerable attention due to their wide commercial applications and recent discovery of unknown persistent analogues in aqueous environment. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of alkyltrimethylammonium (ATMAC), benzylakyldimethylethylammonium (BAC) and dialkyldimethylammonium (DADMAC) homologues were investigated in fifty-two municipal sewage sludge samples. ATMAC C10−18, BAC C8−18 and paired DADMAC C8:8-C18:18 as well as emerging homologues such as 18:20 were identified for the first time by nontarget qualitative strategies. A triple quadruple mass spectrometer quantification method was also initially verified with the aid of laboratory synthesized standards for the analysis of the mixed DADMACs with no certificated commercial standards currently available. The total concentrations of ATMACs, BACs and DADMACs were in the range of 0.38−293, 0.09−191 and 0.64−344 μg/g dry weight, respectively, and particularly, mixed DADMACs constituted 39 ± 7% of total DADMAC concentrations. The concentrations and profiles of individual homologues further suggested different QAC applications and fate in China. Significant correlations were also found among the concentrations of various QAC homologues as well as wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) characteristics (total organic carbon contents and daily treatment volumes). ■ INTRODUCTIONRapid development of analytical methods and increasing public health concerns have improved the assessment and regulatory strategies for screening chemicals with persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic potentials, especially from the high production volume chemical (HPVC) list. 1−5 Surfactants are an economically important class of HPVCs, with wide consumer usages and industrial applications. The transport, fate, and possible adverse effects of some important neutral and anion surfactants, such as nonylphenolethoxylates and relevant metabolites, have been extensively investigated in various environmental compartments. 6,7 However, less attention has been raised on cationic surfactants, although some of these could be environmentally persistent as they result from the amphiphilic and electrostatic interactions with negatively charged surfaces and are potentially toxic to aquatic organisms. 8−12 Here, we focused our research on quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), a class of cationic surfactants that are commonly used as detergents, phase transfer catalysts, fabric softeners, disinfectants as well as preservatives and antielectrostatics in personal care products. 8,13 QACs mainly consist of the alkyltrimethylammonium (ATMACs), benzylalkyldimethylethylammonium (BACs), and dialkyldimethyl-ammonium compounds (DADMACs) as shown in Figure 1. The analysis and ecological risk assessment of QACs in the environment began in the 1980s. QAC residues have been found in surface water, 14 sewage effluent, 15,16 estuarine sediment, 9,13,17−19 sludge, 13,20,21 Received: November 12, 2013

show abstract

Section: ■ Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Identification and Composition of Emerging Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Ruan

Song

Wang

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

123

105

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Role of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds on Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment

Tezel

Pavlostathis

2011

Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Rapid and Sensitive Determination of Benzalkonium Chloride Biocide Residues in Soil Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry after Ultrasonically Assisted Extraction

Kang

Shin

2016

Bulletin Korean Chem Soc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The trace level determination of five benzalkonium chloride (BAC) compounds in soil was investigated using ion‐pairing liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The instrumental intensities of the target compounds were compared with four ion‐pairing reagents, and 30 mM perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHA) was selected as the best reagent. An ultrasonically assisted extraction method was developed for soil. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction solvent, 30 mM PFHA in an acetone:acetonitrile (1:1, vol/vol) mixture; pH 7; volume, 20 mL; and extraction time, 30 min. Under the established conditions, the limits of quantification ranged from 0.3 to 3.6 μg/kg, the accuracy ranged from 90.1 to 112%, and the intra‐ and interday relative standard deviations were <13% at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 μg/kg. The developed method was used to analyze target compounds in 50 soil samples collected from 40 survey sites and 10 background sites. The total BACs were within a concentration range of 0.001–28.5 mg/kg in soil. The developed method confirms the existence of BAC residues in real soil, providing an important tool to evaluate the behavior of disinfectants in soil and can be used to study residual amounts of BACs in soil.

show abstract

Determination of selected quaternary ammonium compounds by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Part II. Application to sediment and sludge samples in Austria

Cited by 128 publications

References 7 publications

Identification and Composition of Emerging Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Identification and Composition of Emerging Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Role of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds on Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment

Rapid and Sensitive Determination of Benzalkonium Chloride Biocide Residues in Soil Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry after Ultrasonically Assisted Extraction

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About