Determination of Selected Water Quality Parameters in River Sio, Busia County, Kenya

Ondoo, Kevin Omondi; Kiptoo, Jackson K.; Onditi, A. O.; Shivaji, Shri; Omondi, Bramwel; Ogilo, Joel K.

doi:10.9734/irjpac/2019/v18i330092

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…However, the steady increase in Co levels downstream during the dry season is indicative of increased anthropogenic activities such as farming; where cobalt sulphate heptahydrate fertilizer, which consists of 21% cobalt is used by farmers as well as unregulated mining activities across Kenya -Uganda border. The concentration of cobalt obtained from this study was much lower than that obtained by Ondoo et al, during the determination of physico-chemical parameters of water in River Sio, Busia County, Kenya [7].…”

Section: Cobaltcontrasting

confidence: 79%

“…The wet season persists between April and September. 500 mL of surface water samples were collected using precleared polyethylene bottles and transported to the lab for further analysis [7].…”

Section: Sampling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The situation has been further worsened by poor sewer coverage in Busia town leading to the discharge of raw sewage into the river. As the river flows downstream from Busia town to neighbouring Uganda, maize, millet, and sugarcane plantations dominate the entire stretch, leading to the further discharge of pesticides and inorganic fertilizers hence polluting the river further [7]. The situation is worsened by the presence of artisan gold mining plants along the river which discharge a wide range of toxic heavy metals ranging from lead, arsenic to mercury courtesy of poor mining activities and lack of effective water pollution control measures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Water Quality and Heavy Metal Pollution in River Ndambuk, Busia County, Kenya

Magero,

Meng’wa,

Ondoo

et al. 2023

IRJPAC

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This study's objective is to determine how polluted the Ndambuk River in Busia County, Kenya, is with heavy metals and other physico-chemical parameters throughout both the dry and wet seasons. In every test point during the dry and wet seasons, turbidity was greater than the WHO-recommended threshold of 5 NTU. At sampling points 5, 6, and 7 during both seasons, pH was over the WHO-recommended limit of 6.5 to 8.5; this can be attributed to mining activities along the Kenya-Uganda border. All the sampling stations during the dry and wet seasons had levels of Lead, Cadmium, Cobalt, Nickel, and Iron that were higher than the WHO-recommended limits. At sampling points 1, 2, and 4 during the dry season and at sampling point 2 during the wet season, Chromium concentrations were, however, below the WHO standards. The significant correlation between the heavy metals suggests that metal-metal complexes are present in solution. The strong correlation between the metals, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and turbidity suggests that anthropogenic activities have increased, particularly in the downstream agricultural and mining areas. This study suggests further research into the relationship between land use and heavy metal pollution, regulation of mining activities along the Kenya-Uganda border and correct agricultural practices to prevent soil erosion.

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Section: Cobaltcontrasting

confidence: 79%

Section: Sampling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Water Quality and Heavy Metal Pollution in River Ndambuk, Busia County, Kenya

Magero,

Meng’wa,

Ondoo

et al. 2023

IRJPAC

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“…The seasonal variation of soil EC was significantly lower in wet season than dry season (t=5.203, p=0.001) and this is possibly because salts tend to settle in sediments after the rains and are flushed out during wet season [26]. [27] in sediments in River Sio, Kenya. Upstream concentration levels were slightly higher than downstream in wet season.…”

Section: Seasonal Variations Of Sediment Parametersmentioning

confidence: 95%

Assessing the Seasonal Changes on Physicochemical Parameters and Major Nutrient Levels in Water and Sediments from Sulal River, Bureti Sub County, Kericho County, Kenya

Cherotich

Abong’o

Onyatta

2021

CSIJ

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Sulal River is a victim of nutrient pollution as it crosses different small-scale tea farms in Bureti Sub County, Kericho County. A study was conducted to evaluate different physicochemical parameters and major chemical fertilizer’s nutrients levels in water and sediments from Sulal River. In order to understand the degree of pollution in the river due to inflow of agricultural chemical fertilizer residue levels from its catchment, the samples were collected in the dry (February 2019) and wet seasons (November 2019). The ten chosen sampling sites stretched a length of 12 Km. Samples were analyzed for pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), sediment and water content (WC), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), phosphorous (PO3-P) and potassium (K) using standard methods. Results were analyzed using IBM SPSS 20. The average results during dry and wet seasons in water samples for pH were 6.72±0.05 and 6.38±0.21, DO 6.78±0.59 and 9.58±0.64 mg/L, EC 174±5.02 and 205±20.14 µS /cm, TDS 92±4.59 and 120.70±19.57 mg/L, NO3-N 0.58±0.21 and 1.19±0.22 mg/L, PO3-P 0.00±0.00 and 0.13±0.84 mg/L and K 0.26±0.08 and 0.84±0.19 mg/L respectively. The average results during dry and wet seasons in sediment samples for pH were 6.62±0.20 and 6.75±0.17, EC, 67±6.66 and 52±10.19 µS /cm, WC 16.96±3.95 and 129.84±5.00%, NO3-N 0.70±0.35 and 0.42±0.23 mg/kg, PO3-P 0.49±0.25 and 1.14±0.40 mg/kg and K 1.53±0.45 and 2.86±0.31 mg/kg respectively. The levels of P in water during wet season and in sediments samples in both seasons were however, above the WHO (0.025 mg/L) and KEBS (0.030 mg/L) recommended limit for drinking and domestic use and WASREB (0.005 mg/L) level for the likelihood of eutrophication. Availability of excess phosphorus can accelerate eutrophication. The diversity of cancers has also been associated with drinking water containing phosphorous levels. The water from Sulal River may be used for irrigation purposes but not for drinking and domestic purposes. Significant seasonal variations were observed in all parameters analyzed except NO3-N in sediments. This indicates that rainfall had a great effect on some soil physicochemical properties.

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“…The correlation coefficient r can only take values in the range -1 ≤ r ≤ + 1. An r value of -1 describes a perfect negative correlation and an r value of + 1 indicates a perfect positive correlation while an r value of 0 indicates no linear correlation between the values of x and y [28]. During the dry season, there was a strong correlation between manganese, copper, zinc and cobalt to the phosphate anion (r = 0.85, 0.79, 0.89 and 0.75 respectively) indicating that these metals in sediments exist in phosphate form.…”

Section: Correlationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Anions and Heavy Metals in Sediments from River Sio, Busia County, Kenya

Ondoo

Kiptoo

Onditi

et al. 2019

CSIJ

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Agricultural activities, discharge of raw sewage into farms and the rise in urbanization have greatly contributed to soil pollution. During the rainy season, surface runoff from farms find their way into water bodies and deposits these contaminants into Rivers and Lakes which poses a threat to both aquatic and terrestrial organisms that depend on that water source. The objective of this research was to determine the level of anions and heavy metals from sediments in River Sio, Busia County, Kenya. Five sediment samples were taken from five sampling points and the levels of anions and heavy metals in them determined. Anions were determined using Shimadzu 1800 UV/visible spectrophotometer while heavy metals were determined using Shimadzu 6200 flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Copper, lead and nickel were above the allowed WHO limits while cadmium was below detection limit. The levels of nitrates, phosphates and chlorides were higher during the wet season due to surface runoff that carried these nutrients from the farms and deposited them on the bottom of the River. The levels of heavy metals were high during the dry season due to evaporation of water from the River, leading to an increase in the analyte concentration during the dry season. High levels of copper and nickel in the sediments points to the use of herbicides and pesticides in farming and washing of vehicles and motorcycles on the banks of the River. According to Igeo nickel showed moderate pollution during the dry season. The contamination factor for lead was very high during the dry season, while pollution load index confirmed pollution due to anthropogenic activities in sampling sites 1 – 4 during the dry season and no pollution due to anthropogenic activities during the wet season. The study recommends reduced use of inorganic fertilizers in order to save the River from the danger of eutrophication. Excessive use of agrochemicals such as herbicides and pesticides should be discouraged. In addition, pesticide leaching and the level of microbes in soil and sediments should be considered for further research

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Determination of Selected Water Quality Parameters in River Sio, Busia County, Kenya

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Assessment of Water Quality and Heavy Metal Pollution in River Ndambuk, Busia County, Kenya

Assessment of Water Quality and Heavy Metal Pollution in River Ndambuk, Busia County, Kenya

Assessing the Seasonal Changes on Physicochemical Parameters and Major Nutrient Levels in Water and Sediments from Sulal River, Bureti Sub County, Kericho County, Kenya

Assessment of Anions and Heavy Metals in Sediments from River Sio, Busia County, Kenya

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