Determination of Serum Trace Elements (Zn, Cu, and Fe) in Pakistani Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease, which mainly involves the joints. RA is prevalent worldwide with increasing prevalence in elderly people. The mechanism of RA pathogenesis is still undefined, and it is interplaying between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Although risk factors for RA are not fully established, various studies have focused on the role of trace elements in association with RA. Trace elements act as co-factors for most of the enzymes, and their deficiency is associated with many untoward effects on human health. The homeostatic alterations in the metabolism of trace elements may partly be due to inflammatory response in RA. The objective of the present study was to determine the serum concentrations and correlation of zinc, copper, and iron in RA patients and healthy controls. The study comprised of 61 RA patients and 61 age- and sex-related healthy individuals of Pakistani population. Serum levels of Zn, Cu, and Fe were measured in all the participants by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Serum Zn and Fe were significantly reduced in the RA patients than those in the healthy controls. Serum Cu concentrations were found elevated in the RA patients. Correlation studies of trace elements determine that there was negative correlation between Zn and Cu in the RA patients and no correlation in the control group. It is very important to explore the deficiency of essential trace metals in biological samples of the RA patients in different populations which may be helpful for diagnosis and supplementary management of rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Urban and rural area differences in the interaction between oxidative process elements in human femoral bone

“…Our data oscillate between − 0.03 and − 0.12 in the urban population and − 0.36 in the rural population in the FN similarly with date from knee joint (Roczniak et al 2017). There was a negative correlation of Zn/Cu in the blood of patients with diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis (Badran et al 2016;Ullah et al 2017). An imbalance of Zn/Cu content is linked with diabetes and diabetic complications (Hamasaki .…”

Evaluation of biomarkers related to zinc nutritional status, antioxidant activity and oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis patients

“…The evaluations of Zn status in RA patients are scarce and few studies have used more than one biomarker, which could explain the controversial results (Mierzecki et al, 2011; Sahebari et al, 2016; Silverio Amancio et al, 2003; Ullah et al, 2017). In the present study, Zn intake was significantly lower for RA patients in comparison to healthy participants.…”

Relationship of heart rate variability with serum zinc and magnesium in female rheumatoid arthritis patients

“…Among many risk factors, minerals and trace elements disorders have been recognized as risk factors of RA. 3,5,9 Previous studies reported chronic inflammation induced marked systemic alteration in blood mineral levels causing pathogenesis in RA patients. [1][2][3]5,[9][10][11][12][13] In addition to joints, RA adversely affects all the organ and system of the body and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is well marked in RA patients.…”

“…3,5,9 Previous studies reported chronic inflammation induced marked systemic alteration in blood mineral levels causing pathogenesis in RA patients. [1][2][3]5,[9][10][11][12][13] In addition to joints, RA adversely affects all the organ and system of the body and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is well marked in RA patients. [14][15] As because, cardiovascular involvement is silent, more than 40% of the premature deaths occur in RA due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) 16 Analysis of HRV has been emerged as most reliable and non-invasive method for assessment of cardiac autonomic activity and reduced HRV is a marker of autonomic imbalance, which is a strong predictor of sudden cardiac death.…”