Determination of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in metabolic syndrome patients from Saudi population

Ullah, Muhammad Ikram; Alzahrani, Badr; Alsrhani, Abdullah; Atif, Muhammad; Alameen, Ayman Ali Mohammed; Ejaz, Hasan

doi:10.12669/pjms.37.3.3897

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…Inflammatory markers, such as E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and CRP, were also indicated to be related to insulin resistance and MetSyn in a study on elderly patients by Ingelsson et al (19). Additionally, Ullah et al reported significantly higher serum levels of TNF-α in participants with MetSyn than in healthy controls (24). Moreover, low-grade inflammation, as indicated through elevated serum inflammatory markers, including CRP and IL-6, is linked to peripheral arterial disease severity and coronary artery disease, as shown by Jacobs et al (20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Inflammatory Markers and Atherogenic Coefficient: Early Markers of Metabolic Syndrome

Mahdavi-Roshan

Shoaibinobarian

Noormohammadi

et al. 2022

Int J Endocrinol Metab

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Background: Considering the close link between metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and cardiovascular diseases, considerable attention has been devoted to the identification of their shared underlying pathological mechanisms in recent decades. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between pro-inflammatory factors and newly-diagnosed MetSyn. Methods: This case-control study recruited obese and nonobese individuals who were newly diagnosed with MetSyn (cases, n = 84) and healthy individuals (controls, n = 83). The medical and sociodemographic data of the participants were collected on enrollment. Serum analysis was performed to ascertain the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and atherogenic coefficient (AC). Multiple regression analysis was carried out to explore the relationship between inflammatory markers and AC with MetSyn odds. The Pearson correlation test was also performed to investigate the correlations between metabolic and inflammatory parameters. Results: Positive relationships were observed between the serum levels of TNF-α and CRP with the odds of MetSyn following controlling for confounders (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01 - 1.72; AOR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.18 - 1.41; respectively, P ≤ 0.03). Additionally, higher AC was accompanied by increased odds of MetSyn (AOR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.31 - 2.98; P = 0.001). The Pearson correlation analysis also showed positive correlations between TNF-α levels and serum metabolic abnormalities, including elevated LDL-C, FBS, and AC and lowered HDL-C levels (P ≤ 0.02). Conclusions: The present results revealed that higher serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory and atherogenic indices, including CRP, TNF-α, and AC, might be associated with elevated odds of newly diagnosed MetSyn regardless of potential confounders, particularly body mass index. The obtained findings might be moderated by the positive correlations observed between serum TNF-α, as the chronic inflammatory state indicator, and impaired lipid and glycemic markers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The sample size of the present study was calculated using a study by Ullah et al (24) and the below formula. Assuming the same number of samples in both groups and with a significance level of α = 0.05 and a power of 1-β = 0.99, the minimum sample size of each study arm was estimated at 74 subjects.…”

Section: Sample Size and Statistical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory Markers and Atherogenic Coefficient: Early Markers of Metabolic Syndrome

Mahdavi-Roshan

Shoaibinobarian

Noormohammadi

et al. 2022

Int J Endocrinol Metab

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“…Various factors are responsible for developing Zn deficiency or can progress to alter the Zn metabolism in liver cirrhosis ( Table 1 ). These factors include insufficient intake alterations in amino acid and protein metabolism, lessened portosystemic shunts, hepatic extraction, impaired absorption due to alcohol influence, and the effects of endotoxins and cytokines, primarily IL-6 [ 63 , 64 ].…”

Section: Deficiency Of Zinc In Liver Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Role of Zinc in Liver Cirrhosis: An Updated Review

et al. 2023

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Liver cirrhosis is a complication usually due to the consequence of persistent chronic liver disease. It is associated with different mechanisms, including hypoalbuminemia, impaired amino acid turnover, and micronutrient deficiencies. Consequently, cirrhotic patients can develop progressive complications like ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver is a vital organ that regulates the different metabolic pathways and transportation of trace elements. Zn is an indispensable micronutrient trace element involved in its crucial functions in cellular metabolic activity. Zn mediates its action by binding to a wide range of proteins; therefore, it imparts numerous biological effects, including cellular division, differentiation, and growth. It is also involved in critical processes for the biosynthesis of structural proteins and regulation of transcription factors and acts as a co-factor for the various enzymatic processes. As the liver is a significant regulator of Zn metabolism, its abnormalities lead to Zn deficiency, which has consequences on cellular, endocrine, immune, sensory, and skin dysfunctions. Conversely, Zn deficiency may modify the functions of hepatocytes and immune responses (acute phase protein production) in inflammatory liver diseases. This review has concisely stated the evolving indication of the critical role of Zn in biological processes and complications associated with liver cirrhosis pathogenesis due to Zn deficiency.

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“…Over the last 25 years, multiple studies reported that fatty tissue hyperplasia and hypertrophy frequently correlated with the negative impact of adipose tissue metabolic equilibrium [100,101]. Additionally, various studies said that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was significantly raised among obese individuals, eventually rooted in IR, and surfaced the notion of an inflammatory element of obesity [86,[102][103][104][105]. This inflammatory pathological issue is known as "meta-inflammation," a clinical disease of chronic, low-grade inflammation noticed among obese patients [106,107].…”

Section: Obesity and Insulin Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Vascular Impediment as Consequences of Excess Processed Food Consumption

Sinha¹,

Haque²

2022

Cureus

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Regular intake of ready-to-eat meals is related to obesity and several noninfectious illnesses, such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and tumors. Processed foods contain high calories and are often enhanced with excess refined sugar, saturated and trans fat, Na + andphosphate-containing taste enhancers, and preservatives. Studies showed that monosodium glutamate (MSG) induces raised echelons of oxidative stress, and excessive hepatic lipogenesis is concomitant to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Likewise, more than standard salt intake adversely affects the cardiovascular system, renal system, and central nervous system (CNS), especially the brain. Globally, excessive utilization of phosphate-containing preservatives and additives contributes unswervingly to excessive phosphate intake through food. In addition, communities and even health experts, including medical doctors, are not well-informed about the adverse effects of phosphate preservatives on human health. Dietary phosphate excess often leads to phosphate toxicity, ultimately potentiating kidney disease development. The mechanisms involved in phosphate-related adverse effects are not explainable. Study reports suggested that high blood level of phosphate causes vascular ossification through the deposition of Ca 2+ and substantially alters fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) and calcitriol.

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Determination of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in metabolic syndrome patients from Saudi population

Cited by 8 publications

References 16 publications

Inflammatory Markers and Atherogenic Coefficient: Early Markers of Metabolic Syndrome

Inflammatory Markers and Atherogenic Coefficient: Early Markers of Metabolic Syndrome

Biological Role of Zinc in Liver Cirrhosis: An Updated Review

Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Vascular Impediment as Consequences of Excess Processed Food Consumption

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