Determination of Sex by Discriminant Function Analysis of Lateral Radiographic Cephalometry

Badam, Raj Kumar; Manjunath, M; Rani,; Kailasam, S

doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10011-1123

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…in their study on 100 individuals found that it provided a greater degree of accuracy in determining the sex. [9] Devang Divakar et al . did a discriminate function analysis on a lateral cephalogram and found it as a reliable tool in determining the sex of an individual.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial indices in lateral cephalogram for sex prediction in Chennai population – A semi-novel study

Missier

Samuel

George

2018

J Forensic Dent Sci

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Background: Osteological examination is a very reliable tool to determine the sex of the individual as the consolidation of the dimorphic characteristics concludes the sex of the individual. This study was performed with lateral cephalograms, which is a vital diagnostic tool for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. An index was formed, which could be considered as a reliable sex determinant in forensic applications. Materials and Methods: This pilot study was performed on samples of the Dravidian population. Two-fifty individuals, whose age ranged between 25 and 40 years, were taken (125 subjects were males and 125 subjects were females). A total of ninety-nine cephalometric variables were compared, subjected to statistical analysis and tested for significance using the t -test. Results: Out of a total of 99 variables tested only twenty-four variables showed statistical significance. So, these twenty-four variables were then subjected to discriminant function analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of each variable in predicting the sex of an individual Individually, Ramus length (Ramus ln), Condylion to Gnathion (Co-Gn) and ramus height showed the highest sex determining dependability of 78%. On the flipside, lower anterior facial height (LAFH), with 52%, showed the lowest consistency. Conclusion: From this study, it is clearly evident that cephalometric landmarks are reliable sex determinants to a good extent. All the statistically significant measurements, but one, showed acceptable percentages of reliability. This means the chosen variables can be used for the Dravidian population to robustly determine the sex of the individuals of interest.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial indices in lateral cephalogram for sex prediction in Chennai population – A semi-novel study

Missier

Samuel

George

2018

J Forensic Dent Sci

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“…The precision of determination rely upon the features that are present on the skull and their condition (Devang Divakar et al, 2015, Badam et al, 2011, Kamath et al, 2015, Wankhede et al, 2015). The veracity of determination of gender by means of pelvic bone alone, stated to be 90–100% accurate, which in turn made it as the most chosen bone for gender identification (Badam et al, 2011). Next to pelvis other skeletal elements which show near accurate results are the skull, thorax, vertebrae, femur and scapula (Devang Divakar et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex determination using discriminant function analysis in Indigenous (Kurubas) children and adolescents of Coorg, Karnataka, India: A lateral cephalometric study

Divakar

Kheraif

Mavinapalla

et al. 2016

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences

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To test the validity of sex discrimination using lateral cephalometric radiograph and discriminant function analysis in Indigenous (Kuruba) children and adolescents of Coorg, Karnataka, India. Six hundred and sixteen lateral cephalograms of 380 male and 236 females of age ranging from 6.5 to 18 years of Indigenous population of Coorg, Karnataka, India called Kurubas having a normal occlusion were included in the study. Lateral cephalograms were obtained in a standard position with teeth in centric occlusion and lips relaxed. Each radiograph was traced and cephalometric landmarks were measured using digital calliper. Calculations of 24 cephalometric measurements were performed. Males exhibited significantly greater mean angular and linear cephalometric measurements as compared to females ( < 0.05) (Table 5). Also, significant differences ( < 0.05) were observed in all the variables according to age (Table 6). Out of 24 variables, only ULTc predicts the gender. The reliability of the derived discriminant function was assessed among study subjects; 100% of males and females were recognized correctly. The final outcome of this study validates the existence of sexual dimorphism in the skeleton as early as 6.5 years of age. There is a need for further research to determine other landmarks that can help in sex determination and norms for Indigenous (Kuruba) population and also other Indigenous population of Coorg, Karnataka, India.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6]9,10,15,16 The quantitative method was used in the present study to determine sex. Some authors have considered that this method is more reliable when pre-established points are used and have accepted that qualitative method are subjective and unsafe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, prominences, bone crests and other anatomical abnormalities are more perceptible in male skulls than in female skulls. 2,4,5,9,[16][17][18][19] However, according to Badam et al, 9 Patil & Mody, 3 Shearer et al 13 and Spradley & Jantz, 1 metric analysis makes it possible to obtain results that are more objective, especially for researchers with little experience of determining individuals' sex. Moreover, this facilitates the statistical analysis on the sample and comparison with other studies.…”

Section: -611mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Sexual Dimorphism from the Area of the Triangle

Aragão¹

2017

MOJAP

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Abbreviations: N, nasion; RIOF, right infraorbital foramen;LIOF, left infraorbital foramen; DRIOF, distance from the right infraorbital foramen to the nasion; DLIOFN, distance from the left infraorbital foramen to the nasion; DIOF, distance between the infraorbital foramina; PIOFN, perimeter formed by lines between the infraorbital foramina and the nasion; ATIOFN, area of the triangle formed by lines between the infraorbital foramina and the nasion IntroductionThe human skull is considered to be the second most useful indicator for determining an individual's sex, after the pelvis.1 It is also responsible for furnishing important data for identifying the sex of living individuals and even cadavers.2,3 For forensic experts to perform these tasks, precise methods and techniques are required. 4,5 Male skulls are generally formed by coarser or rougher structures because of the presence of stronger muscle insertions. Moreover, they are also larger than female skulls. 4,5 Two methods are used in the process of determining individuals' sex from parts of the craniofacial skeleton: the qualitative or morphological method and the quantitative or metric method. Most studies have used the morphological method, in which characteristics such as the frontal sinuses, teeth, glabellae, bone thickness, eyebrow ridge thickness and chin shape have been studied. 5 On the other hand, the quantitative method makes use of measurements between preestablished points on the skull. This method, which is considered to possibly be more efficient, has contributed greatly towards determining individuals' sex. 2,6 Most authors in the literature on skull measurements from quantitative or metric variables have used samples from other countries (i.e. not from Brazil).6-8 This places limitations on the applicability of these studies to the Brazilian population, given that without knowledge of the parameters for measurements on Brazilian skulls, researchers are obliged to use international tables. This could lead to uncertainty regarding the results.2 Therefore, the present study had the objective of determining sexual dimorphism in Brazilian skulls from measurement of the area of the triangle formed by lines between the infraorbital foramina (IOFs) and the nasion. Materials and methodsIn this study, 242 dry human skulls were used: 148 male skulls and 94 female skulls, ranging in age from 18 to 91years. The skulls had been obtained in accordance with law no. 8501 of 1992, which deals with use of unclaimed cadavers for use in studies and research. These skulls belong to the Study and Research Center for Anatomy and Forensic Anthropology (CEPAAF) of Tiradentes University.This was a morphometric study in which the following were measured: distance of the right infraorbital foramen to the nasion (DRIOFN), distance of the left infraorbital foramen to the nasion (DLIOFN), distance between the infraorbital foramina and perimeter and area of the triangle formed bylines between the infraorbital foramina and the nasion (Figure 1). The linear measurements were...

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Determination of Sex by Discriminant Function Analysis of Lateral Radiographic Cephalometry

Cited by 10 publications

References 14 publications

Facial indices in lateral cephalogram for sex prediction in Chennai population – A semi-novel study

Facial indices in lateral cephalogram for sex prediction in Chennai population – A semi-novel study

Sex determination using discriminant function analysis in Indigenous (Kurubas) children and adolescents of Coorg, Karnataka, India: A lateral cephalometric study

Determination of Sexual Dimorphism from the Area of the Triangle

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