Determination of sialic acid and gangliosides in biological samples and dairy products: A review

Sialic acid (N-acetyl and N-glycolylneuraminic acid) and ganglioside in whey protein concentrates and infant formulae

“…Recently, Wang (2009), in a general review on SA, pointed out great variability in the total SA contents in HM, related to genetic, geographic and dietetic factors of lactating mothers. Other factors related to the variability could be assigned to the different analytical methods applied to determine SA (Lacomba et al, 2010).…”

Longitudinal Evolution of the Concentration of Gangliosides GM3 and GD3 in Human Milk

“…Gangliosides are widely distributed in almost all human tissues, with the highest amount found in neural tissue and extra-neural organs such the lung, spleen and gut. Variations in ganglioside species are observed based on the type of the tissue; for example, bDGalp(1-3)bDGalNAc[aNeu5Ac(2-3)]bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer (GM1), aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-3)bDGalNAc(1-4)[aNeu5Ac(2-3)]bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer (GD1a), bDGalp(1-3)bDGalNAc(1-4)[aNeu5Ac(2-8)aNeu5Ac(2-3)]bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer (GD1b) and aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-3)bDGalNAc(1-4)[aNeu5Ac(2-8)aNeu5Ac(2-3)]bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer (GT1b) are commonly found in the neural tissue and aNeu5Ac(2-8)aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer (GD3) and aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer (GM3) in the extra neural organs [2]. GD3 and GM3 are also the major species of gangliosides in human milk and bovine dairy products.…”

Profiling gangliosides from milk products and other biological membranes using LC/MS

“…Challenges in ganglioside analysis are due to high levels of variability in ceramide composition (carbon number, degree of saturation) and carbohydrate core (number and nature of saccharides) and also due to the relatively low abundance of gangliosides in biological membranes. Conventional analysis involves the use of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) (Lacomba et al, 2010) followed by colorimetric methods using-hydrochloric (HCl) acid or orcinolsulfuric acid reagents which quantify total lipid bound sialic acid (T-LBSA) (Rueda, 2007;Yu and Ariga, 2000). These approaches are very time-consuming and do not provide simultaneous information regarding ceramide or carbohydrate composition.…”

“…An MS based approach offers several key advantages, including sensitivity and selectivity (Lacomba et al, 2010). MS based methods offer direct information on both the ceramide and carbohydrate composition (Fong et al, 2009;Lee et al, 2013).…”