Determination of Starch in Plant Tissues

Pucher, George W.; Leavenworth, Charles S.; Vickery, Hubert Bradford

doi:10.1021/ac60021a016

Cited by 212 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Starch was determined colorimetrically using the metlhod suggested by NIELSEN (24,25) and by PUCHER et al (27). Eaclh samiiple was ground in a mortar with sand and 5 ml.…”

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confidence: 99%

Studies on the Chemistry of the Living Bark of the Black Locust in Relation to Its Frost Hardiness. V. Seasonal Transformations and Variations in the Carbohydrates: Starch-Sucrose Interconversions

1953

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The seasonal variations in the carbohydrates of the perennial tissues of trees lhave been often investigated in the attempt to find some clue to their frost hardiness. The products of photosynthesis are stored as soluble sugars and starch in various parts of trees, reaching a maximum value just before leaf drop. When cold weather comes, the starch disappears from the more exposed tissues and often from the entire tree and is not to be found again until warm weather arrives in spring. The relationships between temperature and the form of carbohydrate present vary from species to species and also with different climates (6,16,19,22,30,33). LEVITT (21) has reviewed a large number of papers dealing with this subject and has attempted to correlate the carbohydrate variations with frost hardiness.The present investigation grew out of a similar attempt to assess the relationship of variations in the carbohydrate constituents of the living bark of the black locust tree (Robinia psetedo-acacia L.) to the variations in frost hardiness.The variations and transformation in the carbohydrate constituents of the bark, including reducing sugars, sucrose and starch, were followed seasonally in normal trees for a year and a half. In addition, to determine whether, and to what extent, transformations and variations in the carbohydrates of the bark were independent of the normal seasonal conditions, samples were taken for analysis at various times throughout the year from sections of the bark of trees in which translocation had been intercepted by previous ringing above and below the sampling area. Such unseasonal and independent transformations were also produced and examined in logs cut from trees with the bark intact and stored at different temperatures in the laboratory.

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“…Starch was determined colorimetrically using the metlhod suggested by NIELSEN (24,25) and by PUCHER et al (27). Eaclh samiiple was ground in a mortar with sand and 5 ml.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Chemistry of the Living Bark of the Black Locust in Relation to Its Frost Hardiness. V. Seasonal Transformations and Variations in the Carbohydrates: Starch-Sucrose Interconversions

1953

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“…There are various methods (5,12,15,16,20,21) for quantitative starch extraction. The procedure with HC104 has been most widely used because it extracts more starch with less interfering substances than other methods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch and Its Component Ratio in Developing Cotton Leaves

Chang¹

1979

Plant Physiol.

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During cotton leaf development, starch accumulation was characterized by an initial rise to a maximum at the second to the fourth leaf from the apex. Then, starch content progressively decreased with leaf age. Starch accumulation was inversely related to the ratio of amylopectin to amylose.Differences between leaves in this ratio resulted from variations in both amylose and amylopectin levels. Fluctuations in amylose levels were more extreme than those of amylopectin.During the diurnal cycle, amylopectin was accumulated more than amylose in both young and old leaves during the day. During the night, amylopectin was degraded more than amylose in young leaves and vice versa in older leaves. The rate of change of the amylopectin to amylose ratio during the day was consistently higher than that during the night.Accumulated leaf starch may restrict photosynthesis in cotton because a negative correlation was obtained between starch content and CO2 fixation (14). However, measurements were made only on leaves at the third to fourth node below the apex. These leaves were in full sunlight and probably contained more starch than shaded leaves lower on the plants. Information on starch content of lower leaves on plants of various ages was needed to estimate the probability of an effect of leaf starch on photosynthesis.Starch is composed of two components, amylose and amylopectin. AM' is essentially a linear polymer containing a-1,4-linked glucose residues, whereas AP is a multiply branched glucan containing both a-1,4-and a-1,6-linkages (6). The structural differences of the glucans and the action of specific hydrolytic enzymes involved in starch metabolism are mutually dependent (2). Starch, laid down as a temporary reserve in leaves, is enzymically converted into sugars prior to translocation (6). Determinations of the starch component ratios in the developing leaves would provide information as to which glucan contributed more to the total starch. Therefore, changes of component ratios in the residual starch were investigated. Matheson and Wheatley (13) reported that the iodine affinities of starch increased with increasing tobacco leaf age up to about 22 weeks. The ratio of AP to AM did not vary in senescing tobacco leaves (1). Kakie and Sugizaki (I1) reported that the ratio of AP to AM in leaves prior to maturity in tobacco changed from 68%/ 32% (w/w) in the morning to 78%/22% (w/w) in the afternoon. On MATERIALS AND METHODS Glandless cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Coker 100) were grown in a growth chamber in a sand-peat moss-Vermiculite mixture and watered with nutrient solution. Temperature was 32 + 3 C during the day and 22 + 3 C at night. A 10-h photoperiod was maintained with a PAR of 710 jiE/m2 * s. RH was about 75% during the day. Each 19-cm pot contained two uniform plants, from which leaf samples were made to determine starch. One-half to 1.0 g of fresh cotton leaves were cut into small pieces (approximately I cm2) and immediately dropped into a flask of boiling 95% ethanol. A watch glass ...

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“…Starch was extracted with perchloric acid, following the procedure of Pucher, Leavenworth, and Vickery (16). The precipitated starch was rinsed quantitatively into metal planchets with the aid of a few milliliters of 95% ethanol and dried in a vacuum oven at 40 C, and its radioactivity was then determined.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Translocation and Metabolic Conversion of ¹⁴C-Labeled Assimilates in Detached and Attached Leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in Different Phases of Leaf Expansion

Köcher

Leonard

1971

Plant Physiol.

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Leaf excision greatly affected the actual levels of "C-assimilates in laminas and petioles of primary bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) following a transport period. However, it did not affect the percentage of starch in the insoluble residue; starch decreased from 20% of the insoluble residue after exposure to "CO2 to 3 % after 5 hr in both attached and detached leaves. The transition from import to export of attached and detached leaves was at the same stage, i.e., when the cotyledons were 63 to 85% depleted. The composition of the "C-assimilates in importing leaves was different from that in exporting leaves. In the former, only 5% of the soluble label was free sugar, while 74% was free sugar in the latter. The failure of importing leaves to export was not due to the labeled substances being nontransferable. Extracts from importing leaves applied to exporting leaves were exported; these extracts were high in amino acids and organic acids but low in free sugar. However, exporting leaves exposed to "CO2 appeared to export sugars more readily than amino acids. Cotyledon excision did not delay transition of leaves from import to export. Actually, excision seemed to enhance slightly the transition of the primary leaves from import to export.The source-to-sink concept of movement of food materials in the phloem of higher plants is supported by numerous experiments (1,3,8). It has been shown that a leaf during its ontogeny functions first as a metabolic sink and later, before it has expanded to its final size, as a metabolic source (3,12,17 by factors in other parts of the plant? How is this shift related to intensity of photosynthesis and composition of the metabolites? We attempted to obtain some answers to these questions by conducting studies on the primary leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in different phases of expansion. Comparisons were made on the transport and metabolism of "C-assimilates in attached and detached leaves. Hartt and Kortschak (10), working with sugarcane, came to the conclusion that results from detached leaves were applicable to translocation in the entire plant. Leonard and Glenn (14,15) concluded from their work with excised bean leaves that these could be used in certain studies on the translocation of both assimilates and leafapplied substances. Also, results from our current work indicate that detached leaves can aid with studies on transport in leaves, especially on the transition from import to export.

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Determination of Starch in Plant Tissues

Cited by 212 publications

References 14 publications

Studies on the Chemistry of the Living Bark of the Black Locust in Relation to Its Frost Hardiness. V. Seasonal Transformations and Variations in the Carbohydrates: Starch-Sucrose Interconversions

Studies on the Chemistry of the Living Bark of the Black Locust in Relation to Its Frost Hardiness. V. Seasonal Transformations and Variations in the Carbohydrates: Starch-Sucrose Interconversions

Starch and Its Component Ratio in Developing Cotton Leaves

Translocation and Metabolic Conversion of ¹⁴C-Labeled Assimilates in Detached and Attached Leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in Different Phases of Leaf Expansion

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Determination of Starch in Plant Tissues

Cited by 212 publications

References 14 publications

Studies on the Chemistry of the Living Bark of the Black Locust in Relation to Its Frost Hardiness. V. Seasonal Transformations and Variations in the Carbohydrates: Starch-Sucrose Interconversions

Studies on the Chemistry of the Living Bark of the Black Locust in Relation to Its Frost Hardiness. V. Seasonal Transformations and Variations in the Carbohydrates: Starch-Sucrose Interconversions

Starch and Its Component Ratio in Developing Cotton Leaves

Translocation and Metabolic Conversion of 14C-Labeled Assimilates in Detached and Attached Leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in Different Phases of Leaf Expansion

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Translocation and Metabolic Conversion of ¹⁴C-Labeled Assimilates in Detached and Attached Leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in Different Phases of Leaf Expansion