Determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants and their metabolites in water samples by downscaled solid-phase extraction, silylation and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Rodil, Rosario; Quintana, José Benito; Basaglia, Giulia; Pietrogrande, Maria Chiara; Cela, R.

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.020

Cited by 128 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…12,14 In the present study, BHT-CHO was detected in 98.2% of the samples with concentrations from 0.67 to 660 ng/g (GM: 141 ng/g, median: 112 ng/g), which was 3.4% of BHT in mean concentration. BHT-CHO was detected along with BHT in river, rain, and groundwater samples from Germany with concentrations from several tens to hundreds ng/L.…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…BHT-Q was once detected in WWTP influents in Spain with the mean concentration of 771 ng/L, which was also higher than BHT-CHO in the same samples. 14 The highest concentrations of BHT-CHO and BHT-Q were both found in the sample of NB-2, which also contained maximum BHT. BHT-Q can cause DNA damage through H 2 O 2 and oxygen radical generation, which leads to internucleosomal DNA fragmentation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Occurrence of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Major Metabolites in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Liu

Song

Lin

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are one group of widely used additive chemicals, which have not yet had focused attention except for a few compounds such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). In this study, the occurrence and composition profiles of 12 frequently used SPAs and three BHT metabolites were investigated in fifty-six sludge samples collected from individual wastewater treatment plants in China. Eleven SPAs were positively found in the sludge samples, in which, to our knowledge, eight SPA compounds were identified for the first time in the environment. BHT, 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tOP), and 2,4,6-tri-tert-bultylphenol (AO 246) were the most dominant SPAs in the sludge at mean concentrations of 4.14 μg/g, 374 ng/g, and 98.1 ng/g d.w. (dry weight). Meanwhile, three BHT metabolites, including 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (BHT-CHO), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BHT-Q), and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone (BHT-quinol), were also found in most of the samples (>98.2%) with mean concentrations of 141, 562, and 225 ng/g d.w., respectively. The activated sludge system (anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic tanks) of a wastewater treatment plant was further investigated for the removal efficiencies of the SPAs. High removal efficiencies (80.1−89.2%) were found for the six detected SPAs in the aqueous phase, while generation of large proportions of the three BHT metabolites was also observed.

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Major Metabolites in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Liu

Song

Lin

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The other emerging SPAs with high hydrophobicities, which include 4,4 -methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) (AO 4426), AO 44B25 and 2,2 -methylenebis(6-cyclohexyl-4-methyl)phenol (AO ZKF), were not involved in these methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was successfully applied to determinate BHA, BHT, BHT-Q and BHT-CHO [1,3,11,13]; however, it might not be applicable for simultaneously analyzing various SPAs with high molecular weights and low volatilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All polymeric materials undergo oxidation reactions and the most commonly used protection protocol is the addition of antioxidants (AOs), in which synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are the most frequently used AO additives [1,2]. SPAs, represented by 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), usually share a basic common structure characterized by phenolic ring which is substituted with hindered alkyl groups in orthopositions [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To our knowledge, only few methods for the determination of SPAs in the environment could be found. The existing analytical methods were mainly limited in analyzing BHA, BHT and related metabolites in water and food simulate (acetic acid, ethanol and soybean oil) samples, with solid phase extraction (SPE) as pretreatment procedure [1,11,12]. The other emerging SPAs with high hydrophobicities, which include 4,4 -methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) (AO 4426), AO 44B25 and 2,2 -methylenebis(6-cyclohexyl-4-methyl)phenol (AO ZKF), were not involved in these methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants and relative metabolites in sewage treatment plant and recipient river by high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

Liu

Ruan

Song

et al. 2015

Journal of Chromatography A

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

a b s t r a c tRobust analytical methods were developed for the determination of eight emerging synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) and three metabolites in sewage sludge, effluent and river water matrices. Accelerated solvent extraction was employed for the extraction of the target analytes from sludge, dichloromethane/hexane = 3:1 (extraction solvent) and 90• C (extraction temperature) were used after optimization. Silica gel packed column was chosen for the subsequent cleanup procedure for sludge extract. For the water sample analysis, liquid-liquid extraction combined with silica gel clean-up was used. The targets were determined by optimized high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method in negative electrospray ionization mode. The method quantification limits of the 11 analytes ranged from 0.1 to 23 ng/L, 0.1 to 20 ng/L and 0.1 to 15 ng/g for sewage effluent, river water and sludge matrices, respectively. The total recoveries of the pretreatment varied from 63 to 106%, with relative standard deviations less than 17% for the three matrices at different spiking levels. Nine targets including 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (BHT-CHO), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BHT-Q), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone (BHT-quinol), 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tOP), 2,2 -methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) (AO 2246), 4,4 -butylidenebis(2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-5-methyl-phenol) (AO 44B25) and 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene (AO 330) were identified in the collected samples, with concentrations ranging 1.1-2325 ng/g and 0.4-2510 ng/L for sludge and water matrices, respectively. Sewage effluent was considered as a possible contamination source of certain SPA homologues and relative metabolites to the recipient aquatic systems.

show abstract

Antioxidants: Regulatory Status

Shahidi¹,

Zhong²,

Ambigaipalan³

2020

Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Oxidation of unsaturated lipids is a major cause of food quality deterioration by giving rise to the development of off‐flavor compounds and loss of nutritional value of food products. Antioxidants are substances that, when present in foods at low concentrations compared with that of an oxidizable substrate, markedly delay or prevent the oxidation of the substrate by quenching free radicals or scavenging oxygen, among others. Antioxidants that fit in this definition include free radical scavengers, inactivators of peroxides, and other reactive oxygen species (ROS), chelators of metal ions, and quenchers of secondary lipid oxidation products that produce rancid odors. Antioxidants have also been used in the health‐related area because of their ability to protect the body against damage caused by ROS, reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and those of reactive chlorine species (RCS). The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the claim of antioxidants in nutrient labeling. According to FDA, the antioxidant claim is possible only if there is an established reference daily intake (RDI) and a scientific evidence of antioxidative effect after absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

show abstract

Determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants and their metabolites in water samples by downscaled solid-phase extraction, silylation and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Cited by 128 publications

References 25 publications

Occurrence of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Major Metabolites in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Occurrence of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Major Metabolites in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants and relative metabolites in sewage treatment plant and recipient river by high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

Antioxidants: Regulatory Status

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About