Determination of Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Sulfadiazine, Norfloxacin, and Enrofloxacin in Swine Manure Using a Coupled Method of On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction with the UHPLC–DAD

Abstract

The use of various veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in animal husbandry raises serious concerns about the development of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics such as tetracycline, oxytetracycline, sulfadiazine, norfloxacin, and enrofloxacin are the most frequently used antimicrobial compounds in animal husbandry and generate large eco-toxicological effects; however, they are still difficult to determine in a complex matrix such as swine manure. This study has developed an effective method for detecting five VAs in swine manure using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Diode Array Detector (UHPLC–DAD) coupled with on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE). The results show that the mobile phase of ACN/0.01 M oxalic acid was the optimum at pH 3.0. VAs in a swine manure matrix were extracted using solid extraction buffer solution (T3) with 97.36% recovery. Sensitivity, accuracy, and precision were also evaluated. The validity study showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99). Limit of detection (LOD) was found to be from 0.1 to 0.42 µg mL−1 in the liquid fraction and from 0.032 to 0.58 µg g−1 dw in the solid fraction. The corresponding values of the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.32 to 1.27 µg mL−1 for the liquid fraction and from 0.096 to 1.77 µg g−1 dw for the solid fraction. Therefore, the proposed method showed the potential applicability for detecting different antibiotic compounds from swine manure samples.

Determination of Tetracycline Residues in Kidney and Muscle of Beef Cattle Slaughtered in Dire Dawa and Harar Municipal Abattoirs, Eastern Ethiopia

“…High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the reverse-phase mode, with different detection modes, is commonly used to determine veterinary antibiotics. 4 , 26 …”

“…Environmental Health Insights detection modes, is commonly used to determine veterinary antibiotics. 4,26 Detection of tetracycline residues using TLC. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was used for the detection of tetracycline residues following the recommended techniques.…”

Impact of Polythiophene ((C4H4S)n; n = 3, 5, 7, 9) Units on the Adsorption, Reactivity, and Photodegradation Mechanism of Tetracycline by Ti-Doped Graphene/Boron Nitride (Ti@GP_BN) Nanocomposite Materials: Insights from Computational Study

“…Antibiotics, which are used for the treatment of bacterial infections, are based on a range of applications classified into narrow and broad spectrum. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are designed to act upon a limited/targeted bacterial species, while broad-spectrum antibacterials have a wide range of application cutting across bacterial control in human and veterinary medicine . Studies have reported that an antibiotic could not be totally digested and is therefore released to the environment, , hence causing adverse environmental contamination and multidrug resistance.…”

“…However, due to its antibacterial properties and chemical durability, tetracycline (TC) is difficult to disintegrate spontaneously. 3 The residues have been shown to limit the growth of microorganisms in soil and water as well as induce the development of antibioticresistance genes. 7,8 The degradation of tetracycline has attracted many approaches due to challenging remedial difficulties.…”

“…These are widely used in human and veterinary medicine due to their broad-spectrum antibacterial activities and good therapeutic effects and are widely employed. However, due to its antibacterial properties and chemical durability, tetracycline (TC) is difficult to disintegrate spontaneously . The residues have been shown to limit the growth of microorganisms in soil and water as well as induce the development of antibiotic-resistance genes. , …”