Determination of the Anti‐HIV Drug Nevirapine Using Electroactive 2D Material Pd@rGO Decorated with MoS₂ Quantum Dots

Abstract

Herein we report the detection of an anti‐HIV drug Nevirapine (NVP) through a sensitive electrochemical method using efficient electro‐active 2D materials; Palladium nanoparticles supported reduced graphene oxide (rGO), i.e., Pd@rGO, MoS2 quantum dots (QDs) and Pd@rGO decorated with MoS2 QDs modified electrodes. We have shown an interaction between Pd@rGO and MoS2 QDs in the composite based on FT‐IR and UV‐Vis. absorption studies. The interaction between Pd@rGO and MoS2 QDs in designed material leads to highly efficient electro‐activity that is actually responsible for the broad spectrum quantification of frequently used anti‐HIV drug Nevirapine. The electrochemical oxidation behaviour of NVP is studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) over bare glassy carbon electrode and modified electrodes with alone Pd@rGO and MoS2 QDs and finally over designed material Pd@rGO/ MoS2 QDs. The excellent catalytic effect is observed over designed material as evident from oxidation at relatively lower potential of 0.65 V vs. Ag/AgCl and large peak current in comparison with others. Pd@rGO/ MoS2 QDs modified electrode exhibits a linear increase in oxidation peak current with an increase in NVP concentration in the range of 0.1 – 80 μM with limit of detection (LOD) of 50 nM at signal‐to‐noise ratio (S/N): 3. The developed sensing platform shows excellent stability and sensitivity to make it suitable for the determination of NVP in the complex system.

Nickel Selenide Quantum dot Reactor for Electro‐oxidation of Nevirapine in Wastewater

“…It results in increased selectivity, improved sensitivity, and stability of the electrode response that could not be achieved using bare electrodes [4] . Limits of detection of 0.066 μM and 0.050 μM were obtained when a copper oxide nanoparticles‐carbon nanoparticles‐modified glassy carbon electrode (CuO/CNPs/GCE) and palladium nanoparticles supported reduced graphene oxide decorated with molybdenum disulphide quantum dots‐modified glassy carbon electrode (Pd@rGO/MoS 2 QD/GCE) were used to determine NVP in 2 different buffers, respectively [4,102] . According to Shahrokhian et al [4] .…”

“…[4,102] According to Shahrokhian et al [4] the roughness of the CuO-CNP layer resulted in a significant increase in the electrode's active surface area, which influenced the sensitivity of the voltametric measurements. On the other hand, Tiwari et al [102] stated that there was a possibility of π-π conjugation and hydrophobic interaction between the rings of Pd@rGO and the aromatic rings of NVP, which may have resulted in rapid electron transfer processes. The MoS 2 QD enhanced the surface area and catalytic activity of the sensor.…”

“…[4] Limits of detection of 0.066 μM and 0.050 μM were obtained when a copper oxide nanoparticles-carbon nanoparticles-modified glassy carbon electrode (CuO/CNPs/ GCE) and palladium nanoparticles supported reduced graphene oxide decorated with molybdenum disulphide quantum dotsmodified glassy carbon electrode (Pd@rGO/MoS 2 QD/GCE) were used to determine NVP in 2 different buffers, respectively. [4,102] According to Shahrokhian et al [4] the roughness of the CuO-CNP layer resulted in a significant increase in the electrode's active surface area, which influenced the sensitivity of the voltametric measurements. On the other hand, Tiwari et al [102] stated that there was a possibility of π-π conjugation and hydrophobic interaction between the rings of Pd@rGO and the aromatic rings of NVP, which may have resulted in rapid electron transfer processes.…”

Review—Nanostructured Electrochemical Sensors for Determination of the First Generation of the NNRTIs for HIV-1

“…GCE/Pd@rGO decorated with MoS 2 QDs.-Tiwari and coworkers took an advantage of the interesting performance of quantum dots to obtain sensor characterized by higher sensitivity. 39 In this case, Pd@rGO decorated with MoS 2 QDs modified electrodes was developed to obtain the rapid electrochemical detection of NVP. The NVP oxidation peak was identified at potential 0.65 V vs Ag/AgCl much lower than modified Pd@rGO/ GCE or MoS 2 QDs/GCE.…”

An Electrochemical Nanosensor Using a Screen-Printed Electrode Modified with 1T-MoS2/Nafion for Determination of Renin Inhibitor Aliskiren

“…On the other hand, MoS 2 allows for its surface modification to constitute a sensitive sensing platforms with various nanostructures including quantum dots, 34 metal nanoparticles 35,36 and oxides, 37 conductive polymers 38,39 etc. for the sensitive detection of electroactive molecules in food, pharmaceutical and clinical samples.…”