Determination of the efficiency of the graphite furnace for atomic absorption spectrometry

Sturgeon, Ralph E.; Berman, S. S.

doi:10.1021/ac00253a007

Cited by 39 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Also, before comparison can be made, it must be noted that the efficiency values determined in this study were for the HGA-400, and were only applicable under the specific experimental conditions, especially the heating rates used in this work. The most important difference between this work and those of the above authors was that the heating rates used in this work were much higher (Table 2) than those used by the above authors (1,2). Regardless of whether atomization was isothermal or nonisothermal, higher heating rates increased k I values much more than k 2 values, and hence decreased t,;,, values by eq.…”

Section: Comparison With the Atornization Eflciency Values Reported Bymentioning

confidence: 61%

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Atomization efficiency of a graphite furnace in atomic absorption spectrometry at high heating rates

Chakrabarti¹,

Ferrarotto²,

Cathum³

et al. 1987

Can. J. Chem.

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. 65, 1079 (1987). The efficiency of an HGA-400 for production and containment of atomic vapour was determined for several elements using relatively high heating rates. Two different atomization efficiencies P I and P2 were experimentally determined by two variations k l k, of a method. Assuming that atomization in the HGA-400 can be described by consecutive, first-order reactions D -B t C, the method consisted of making the absorbance signal profile (at least the decay part of it) appear at constant tube wall (at the centre) temperature and determining first-order rate constants for atom formation and atom loss, k l and k 2 , respectively.Two atomization efficiencies were calculated: P I and p 2 , which gave the fraction of analyte which was present as atomic vapour at the peak of the absorbance signal profile. Experimental atomization efficiencies reported for Al, Cu, Co, Fe, Ag, and Ga average: p 0.42 and p2 0.30, with a range from 0.30 to 0.50 for P I and from 0.18 to 0.43 for p 2 . Significance of the results and limitations of the two variations of the method in terms of validity of their underlying assumptions have been brought out in a critical assessment of the atomization efficiencies measured by the two variations of the method. In both the variations of the method, the heating rates used were much higher than those used by some other authors, with the result that in agreement with the prediction of the theory, the atomization efficiencies measured in this work were considerably higher than those reported by those authors. [Traduit par la revue]

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Section: Comparison With the Atornization Eflciency Values Reported Bymentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Atomization efficiencies of some commercial graphite furnaces have been studied by several authors (1)(2)(3)(4). However, the differences in the published results of different authors indicate that the problem of atomization efficiency still remains unresolved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomization efficiency of a graphite furnace in atomic absorption spectrometry at high heating rates

Chakrabarti¹,

Ferrarotto²,

Cathum³

et al. 1987

Can. J. Chem.

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“…245.1 kJ mol-'. The formation of the gaseous oxide (GaO) may explain the relatively low atomization efficiency of galliuin (38).…”

Section: Gnlli~rrnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of atomization in a Massmann-type graphite furnace using the basic principles of thermodynamics

Cathum¹

1993

Can. J. Chem.

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A method has been developed to determine the enthalpy of atom formation in a graphite furnace without invoking the order of reaction. The method is based on the equation In (AT) = -AH'/RT + C , where A is [he peak-height absorbance, T is the absolute temperature. AH' is the enthalpy of atom formation which, for highly endothermic reactions, is considered to be equal to the activation energy, R and C are the universal gas constant and the constant of integration, respectively. The plot of In (AT) vs. 1 /T is similar to an Arrhenius-type plot and should yield the activation energy. Atomization mechanisms for eight elements, Cu, Co, Ga. Au, Ni, Fe, Ag, and Al, are proposed by correlating the experimental enthalpy with a very limited set of possible primary reactions. One significant result of this work is that the experimentally observed enthalpy of reaction correlates well with the activation energy, this means no excess energy other than the enthalpy of atomization is involved in the reaction.

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“…Theoretical sensitivity calculations for some analytes in commercial graphite furnaces have been made by van den Broek and de Galan [12], Sturgeon and Berman [13], and Magyar [14]. In some of these papers, the authors evaluated the overall efficiency of the vapor content and atomization in the furnace by the measurement of peak height absorbance and applying wall atomization [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some of these papers, the authors evaluated the overall efficiency of the vapor content and atomization in the furnace by the measurement of peak height absorbance and applying wall atomization [12,13]. However, early atomizer designs applied in these works were far of the spatially isothermal ones and also handicapped by the relatively slow heating, which is the main drawback when peak height absorbance is evaluated [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model calculation of the characteristic mass for convective and diffusive vapor transport in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Bencs

Laczai

Ajtony

2015

Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy

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Determination of the efficiency of the graphite furnace for atomic absorption spectrometry

Cited by 39 publications

References 41 publications

Atomization efficiency of a graphite furnace in atomic absorption spectrometry at high heating rates

Atomization efficiency of a graphite furnace in atomic absorption spectrometry at high heating rates

Mechanism of atomization in a Massmann-type graphite furnace using the basic principles of thermodynamics

Model calculation of the characteristic mass for convective and diffusive vapor transport in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

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