Determination of the flammability properties of polymeric materials: A novel method

Carvel, Ricky; Steinhaus, Thomas; Rein, Guillermo; Torero, José L.

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.08.010

Cited by 43 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Thus, the characterisation of the boundary condition at the back face of the material is achieved by using the 6‐mm Nickel 200 plate at the bottom of the samples. This approach was described by Carvel et al, who recommended the use of a heat sink for material characterisation purposes.…”

Section: Experimental Programme Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fire performance of charring closed‐cell polymeric insulation materials: Polyisocyanurate and phenolic foam

2018

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Summary Results are presented from 2 series of ad hoc experimental programmes using the cone calorimeter to investigate the burning behaviour of charring closed‐cell polymeric insulation materials, specifically polyisocyanurate (PIR) and phenolic (PF) foams. These insulation materials are widely used in the construction industry due to their relatively low thermal conductivity. However, they are combustible in nature; therefore, their fire performance needs to be carefully studied, and characterisation of their thermal degradation and burning behaviour is required in support of performance‐based approaches for fire safety design. The first series of experiments was used to examine the flaming and smouldering of the char from PIR and PF. The peak heat release rate per unit area was within the range of 120 to 170 kW/m2 for PIR and 80 to 140 kW/m2 for PF. The effective heat of combustion during flaming was within the range of 13 to 16 kJ/g for PIR and around 16 kJ/g for PF, while the CO/CO2 ratio was within 0.05 to 0.10 for PIR and 0.025 to 0.05 for PF. The second experimental programme served to map the thermal degradation processes of pyrolysis and oxidation in relation to temperature measurements within the solid phase under constant levels of nominal irradiation. Both programmes showed that surface regression due to smouldering was more significant for PF than PIR under the same heat exposure conditions, essentially because of the different degree of overlap in pyrolysis and oxidation reactions. The smouldering of the char was found to self‐extinguish after removal of the external heat source.

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Section: Experimental Programme Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…the bottom of the samples. This approach was described by Carvel et al, 37 who recommended the use of a heat sink for material characterisation purposes.…”

Section: Set-up #1: Piloted Experiments With the Heat Transferred Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire performance of charring closed‐cell polymeric insulation materials: Polyisocyanurate and phenolic foam

2018

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“…The sample is of dimensions 100 mm by 100 mm and 25 mm thick wrapped in aluminium foil, and 10 mm of ceramic fibre insulation. A 25 mm thick aluminium block is placed at the rear face of the sample, before the insulation, in order to quantify the boundary condition at the back of the material [26,27]. The thermal conductivity of the insulation is lower than the specimens tested.…”

Section: Experimental Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire Performance of Phase Change Material Enhanced Plasterboard

2017

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Abstract. Sustainable construction materials are increasingly being used to reduce the carbon footprint of modern buildings. These materials have the potential to change the fire dynamics of compartments by altering the compartment energy balance however there is little quantitative understanding of how these materials behave in the event of a real fire. The changes in fire dynamics may be due to increased fuel load in a compartment, reduced time to failure or promotion of flame spread. The objective of this research is to quantify how Phase Change Materials (PCMs) perform in realistic fire scenarios. It was found that a plasterboard product containing microencapsulated PCMs will behave similarly to a charring solid and have the potential to contribute significant fuel to a compartment fire but that they maintain integrity for the duration of flaming period. The critical heat flux for this product was determined in the cone calorimeter to be 17.5 ± 2.5 kW m . Sample orientation was found to increase the peak heat release rate by up to 25%, whilst having little to no effect on the mass loss rate. These parameters, in addition to the in-depth temperature evolution and ignition properties, can be used as design criteria for balancing energy savings with quantified fire performance.

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“…In the case of wood, the samples are placed such that the wood fibres are perpendicular to the vertical axis. More detailed justifications for the sample holder arrangement can be found in Carvel et al [15] Wood or PMMA sample Aluminium block Insulation Fig. 3.…”

Section: Experimental Section Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Pyrolysis Behavior Results between the Cone Calorimeter and the Fire Propagation Apparatus Heat Sources

Girods¹,

Bal²,

Biteau³

et al. 2011

Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the 10th International Sym

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The cone calorimeter and the fire propagation apparatus (FPA) are often used to carry out flammability studies of materials. There are various differences in the set-up of these two devices that could lead to different fire behaviour for the same material. Among these, the impact of the different heat sources used is studied here. The cone calorimeter employs an electrical cone heater and the FPA uses tungsten lamps to radiate a given heat flux level to the sample. Experiments are conducted in the FPA set-up using a conical heater or tungsten lamps as the heat source with clear PMMA and wood samples. Mass loss and temperature measurements are taken during the tests, and the bubble layer depth is measured after the tests. Significant differences in pyrolysis behaviour of both samples between the cone calorimeter and the FPA are consistently observed at the same heat flux level. These different pyrolysis behaviours can be explained by the wavelength dependency of the radiative material properties (reflectance, absorptance and transmittance). This conclusion is in agreement with, and provides an experimental confirmation, to theoretical findings in previous studies.

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Determination of the flammability properties of polymeric materials: A novel method

Cited by 43 publications

References 12 publications

Fire performance of charring closed‐cell polymeric insulation materials: Polyisocyanurate and phenolic foam

Fire performance of charring closed‐cell polymeric insulation materials: Polyisocyanurate and phenolic foam

Fire Performance of Phase Change Material Enhanced Plasterboard

Comparison of Pyrolysis Behavior Results between the Cone Calorimeter and the Fire Propagation Apparatus Heat Sources

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