Determination of the Initiating Capability of Detonators Containing TKX‐50, MAD‐X1, PETNC, DAAF, RDX, HMX or PETN as a Base Charge, by Underwater Explosion Test

Abstract

A comprehensive investigation to determine the initiation power of detonators containing as a base charge the novel explosives: dihydroxylammonium 5,5′‐bis(tetrazolate‐1N‐oxide) – TKX‐50, dihydroxylammonium 5,5′‐bis(3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazolate‐1N‐oxide) – MAD‐X1, pentaerythritol tetranitrocarbamate – PETNC and 3,3′‐diamino‐4,4′‐azoxyfurazan – DAAF in comparison with RDX, HMX and PETN was undertaken. In order to estimate the initiation power of the detonators, the underwater initiating capability test was used. The total energy as a sum of the primary shock wave energy and the bubble gas energy was determined for each of these explosives, by measuring the overpressure of the shock waves generated in water. Moreover, the complete synthesis for novel explosives is presented. The thermal behavior of the explosives was investigated using DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). The gas phase absolute molar enthalpies at 298 K and 105 Pa were calculated theoretically using the modified complete basis set method (CBS‐4M; M referring to the use of minimal population localization) with the Gaussian 09 software. Gas phase standard molar enthalpies of formation (ΔHf°(g)) at 298 K were computed using the atomization energy method. Standard molar enthalpies of formation (▵H(s)°) were calculated using ΔHf°(g) and the standard molar enthalpies of sublimation by applying Trouton’s rule. The Chapman‐Jouguet (CJ) characteristics based on calculated ▵H(s)° values were computed using the EXPLO5 V6.01 thermochemical computer code. For the calculations the theoretical maximum densities and densities obtained during the experiments presented in this work were used.

Estimated Detonation Velocities for TKX‐50, MAD‐X1, BDNAPM, BTNPM, TKX‐55, and DAAF using the Laser–induced Air Shock from Energetic Materials Technique

“…The explosives TKX-50, MADÀX1, BDNAPM, BTNPM, TKX-55, and DAAF were synthesized according to the methods given in the literature (see Supporting Information) [4][5][6][7][8][9]. All compounds were characterized using multinuclear ( 1 H, 13 C) NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, since comprehensive characterization of each compound was published previously by the research group of Klapö tke [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. A comprehensive list of the physico-chemical properties of the ex-plosives are also given in the Supporting Information, along with a comparison of the detailed results from the thermodynamic codes EXPLO5 and CHEETAH (Table S1, Supporting Information).…”

Preparation, Characterization, Thermal Evaluation and Sensitivities of TKX-50/GO Composite

“…Dihydroxylammonium 5,5'-bistetrazole-1,1'-diolate (TKX-50) is believed to be one of the most valuable high energy insensitive explosives (HEIEs) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] not only because of its low sensitivity, but high detonation performance, low toxicity and relatively low cost. On the basis of its good comprehensive properties, it is regarded as a promising candidate to replace widely used explosives such as hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) [3].…”

Experimental Study on the Heat Resistant Explosive 5,5'-Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-2,2'-bi(1,3,4-oxadiazole) (TKX-55): The Jet Penetration Capability and Underwater Explosion Performances

“…In order to determine the initiating capability of detonators containing TKX-55 and PYX as a base charge, the underwater explosion test was used [40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. The investigated explosives (0.2 g, 0.5 g and 0.7 g) were pressed into aluminum shells under a pressure of 4.40 MPa.…”