Determination of the Li/Nb ratio in LiNbO3 crystals grown by Czochralski method with K2O added to the melt

Serrano, María Dolores Marrodán; Bermúdez, V. de Zea; Arizméndi, L.; Diéguez, E.

doi:10.1016/s0022-0248(99)00873-8

Cited by 44 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The observed blue shift in the UV absorption edge is in agreement with the reported literature [85][86][87]. The gradual blue shift confirmed the reduction of the lithium vacancy (V Li ) in the grown crystals with the concentration of Mg in the lattice as discussed earlier.…”

Section: Effect Of Defect Control Processes On the Optical Absorptionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Further the observed AE for nSLN_K (305.5 nm) grown from K/Nb~0.32 is 305.5 nm. On comparison with the values available in the literature it was found to be in close agreement with the reported values of 305.5 nm [86] and 306 nm [87,88]. Although, there is a report of AE ~303.2 nm for nSLN_K grown from K/Nb ≥ 0.38 and Li/Nb = 1 [86], but this composition leads to a growth of inhomogeneous crystals [84].…”

Section: Effect Of Defect Control Processes On the Optical Absorptionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The values of the AE and the corresponding Li/Nb ratio for all the nSLN crystals are summarized in [87,88]. Although, there is a report of AE~303.2 nm for nSLN_K grown from K/Nb ≥ 0.38 and Li/Nb = 1 [86], but this composition leads to a growth of inhomogeneous crystals [84].…”

Section: Effect Of Defect Control Processes On the Optical Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of Intrinsic Defects in Lithium Niobate Single Crystal for Optoelectronic Applications

et al. 2017

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A single crystal of lithium niobate is an important optoelectronic material. It can be grown from direct melt only in a lithium deficient non-stoichiometric form as its stoichiometric composition exhibits incongruent melting. As a result it contains a number of intrinsic point defects such as Li-vacancies, Nb antisites, oxygen vacancies, as well as different types of polarons and bipolarons. All these defects adversely influence its optical and ferroelectric properties and pose a deterrent to the effective use of this material. Hence, controlling the defects in lithium niobate has been an exciting topic of research and development over the years. In this article we discuss the different methods of controlling the intrinsic defects in lithium niobate and a comparison of the effect of these methods on the crystalline quality, stoichiometry, optical absorption in the UV-vis region, electronic band-gap, and refractive index.

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Section: Effect Of Defect Control Processes On the Optical Absorptionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Effect Of Defect Control Processes On the Optical Absorptionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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Control of Intrinsic Defects in Lithium Niobate Single Crystal for Optoelectronic Applications

et al. 2017

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“…the range from Li/Nb ¼ 0.979 to 0.992 can be achieved; along the g 3 line, the composition limit to be reached is at about Li/ Nb ¼ 0.984. For Li/Nb > 1 ratios and similar K 2 O content in the flux, the yield is rather low, the stoichiometric composition can be obtained only at the end of the crystallization range, when the liquidus practically reaches the monovariant line near 1100 C. 31 The above results on solid-liquid concentration relationships obtained from the assessment of the phase diagram by crystal growth experiments 26 compare well with earlier data published in the literature, i.e., are consistent with the solid compositions deduced from UV cut-off wavelengths (measured at a ¼ 20 cm À1 absorption; see the results of Serrano et al, 34 Niwa et al, 35 and Polg ar et al…”

Section: Growth Of Stoichiometric Linbo 3 a Early Worksupporting

confidence: 86%

Growth, defect structure, and THz application of stoichiometric lithium niobate

Lengyel

Péter

Kovács

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Reviews

106

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Owing to the extraordinary richness of its physical properties, congruent lithium niobate has attracted multidecade-long interest both for fundamental science and applications. The combination of ferro-, pyro-, and piezoelectric properties with large electro-optic, acousto-optic, and photoelastic coefficients as well as the strong photorefractive and photovoltaic effects offers a great potential for applications in modern optics. To provide powerful optical components in high energy laser applications, tailoring of key material parameters, especially stoichiometry, is required. This paper reviews the state of the art of growing large stoichiometric LiNbO 3 (sLN) crystals, in particular, the defect engineering of pure and doped sLN with emphasis on optical damage resistant (ODR) dopants (e.g., Mg, Zn, In, Sc, Hf, Zr, Sn). The discussion is focused on crystals grown by the high temperature top seeded solution growth (HTTSSG) technique using alkali oxide fluxing agents. Based on high-temperature phase equilibria studies of the Li 2 O-Nb 2 O 5 -X 2 O ternary systems (X ¼ Na, K, Rb, Cs), the impact of alkali homologue additives on the stoichiometry of the lithium niobate phase will be analyzed, together with a summary of the ultraviolet, infrared, and far-infrared absorption spectroscopic methods developed to characterize the composition of the crystals. It will be shown that using HTTSSG from K 2 O containing flux, crystals closest to the stoichiometric composition can be grown characterized by a UV-edge position of at about 302 nm and a single narrow hydroxyl band in the IR with a linewidth of less than 3 cm À1 at 300 K. The threshold concentrations for ODR dopants depend on crystal stoichiometry and the valence of the dopants; Raman spectra, hydroxyl vibration spectra, and Z-scan measurements prove to be useful to distinguish crystals below and above the photorefractive threshold. Crystals just above the threshold are preferred for most nonlinear optical applications apart holography and have the additional advantage to minimize the absorption even in the far-infrared (THz) range. The review also provides a discussion on the progress made in the characterization of non-stoichiometry related intrinsic and extrinsic defect structures in doped LN crystals, with emphasis on ODR-ion-doped and/or closely stoichiometric systems, based on both spectroscopic measurements and theoretical modelling, including the results of first principles quantum mechanical calculations on hydroxyl defects. It will also be shown that new perspective applications, e.g., the generation of high energy THz pulses with energies on the tens-of-mJ scale, are feasible with ODR-doped sLN crystals if optimal conditions, including the contact grating technique, are applied. V C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

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“…On the other hand, principal role in the optical and electrooptical parameters is played by Li/Nb ratio determining also electron-phonon parameters [14]. In fact, many LiNbO 3 crystal physical properties, such as response time, exponential gain coefficient, sensitivity and dynamic range, electro-ferroelectric, absorption edge, and optical damage, are affected (some with considerable sensitivity) by the Li/Nb ratio in the crystal [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of microscopic defects on optical damage resistance of Zn:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals

Zhen¹,

2006

Cryst. Res. Technol.

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Influence of defect structure on the infrared transmission spectra of OH -in Zn:Fe:LiNbO 3 crystals with various ZnO concentration and different Li/Nb ratios was investigated. It indicates that above the Zn concentration threshold the OH -absorptions bands successively shift from 3482cm -1 to 3504cm -1 and 3529cm -1 . The intensity of the 3504cm -1 band increases with ZnO concentration increasing. The optical damage resistance of the Zn:Fe:LiNbO 3 crystals increases rapidly when the ZnO concentration exceeds a threshold value. This result contributed to the site alteration from the Li sites to Nb sites due to Zn-doping in crystal.

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Determination of the Li/Nb ratio in LiNbO3 crystals grown by Czochralski method with K2O added to the melt

Cited by 44 publications

References 27 publications

Control of Intrinsic Defects in Lithium Niobate Single Crystal for Optoelectronic Applications

Control of Intrinsic Defects in Lithium Niobate Single Crystal for Optoelectronic Applications

Growth, defect structure, and THz application of stoichiometric lithium niobate

Influence of microscopic defects on optical damage resistance of Zn:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals

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