Determination of the Refractive Correction

Comparison of presbyopic additions determined by the fused cross-cylinder method using alternative target background colours

“…Determination of the near addition for presbyopes begins with the starting point of a tentative addition and concludes with the final addition. The final addition is subjectively determined on the basis of the tentative addition as well as the range of clear near vision (Elliott, 2007). Determining the final addition will be faster and easier if the tentative addition is determined as precisely as possible.…”

“…, 2008). Determining the tentative addition can be accomplished using several methods (Millodot and Millodot, 1989; Grosvenor, 2002; Elliott, 2007; Antona et al. , 2008): 1/2 amplitude of accommodation in reserve; plus build up; negative relative accommodation/positive relative accommodation (NRA/PRA) balance; fused cross‐cylinder (or binocular cross‐cylinder); age‐expected addition; near red‐green (duochrome or bichrome) test; and dynamic retinoscopy.…”

“…The results of the above studies suggest that the age‐expected procedure is an easy and effective test. However, other authors have emphasized that the addition prescribed depends on the patient’s working distance and the actual amplitude, and should never be based solely on age (Elliott, 2007; Rabbetts and Mallen, 2007).…”

“…The near red‐green test is very quick and easy and works in a majority of patients (Rabbetts and Mallen, 2007). However, older or colour‐defective patients tend to prefer red, which can provide unreliable duochrome results (Elliott, 2007). Therefore, we wished to maintain the advantages and to increase accuracy of both of the above methods.…”

“…Determining the tentative addition can be accomplished using several methods (Millodot and Millodot, 1989;Grosvenor, 2002;Elliott, 2007;Antona et al, 2008): 1/2 amplitude of accommodation in reserve; plus build up; negative relative accommodation/positive relative accommodation (NRA/PRA) balance; fused cross-cylinder (or binocular cross-cylinder); age-expected addition; near red-green (duochrome or bichrome) test; and dynamic retinoscopy. Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages (Newman, 2006;Elliott, 2007). Most clinicians employ 1 or 2 methods depending on their personal preferences to prescribe the best near addition for a presbyopic patient (Antona et al, 2008).…”