Determination of the surface tension of liquid stainless steel

Li, Z.; Mukai, Kusuhiro; Zeze, Masafumi; Mills, Kenneth C.

doi:10.1007/s10853-005-1931-x

Cited by 56 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Nitrogen has been reported to slightly decrease the surface tension. [29] Comparison of the chemical composition at the end of the last experimental run with the original chemical composition indicated a comparable sulfur content, an oxygen increase from 27 to 84 mass ppm and a nitrogen increase of approximately 100 mass ppm. Therefore, the surface tension decreased to 1.15 N m À1 at 1517 8C as well as 1567 8C.…”

Section: Surface Tensionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The Thermophysical Properties of Liquid TRIP/TWIP‐Steel Alloys Using the Maximum Bubble Pressure Method

Dubberstein

Heller

2013

Adv Eng Mater

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The thermophysical properties of liquid Cr‐Mn‐Ni steel alloys (16 wt% Cr, 7 wt% Mn, and 3–9 wt% Ni) are investigated using the maximum bubble pressure method in which the manganese evaporation and change in chemical composition is very low after experimental trial. The surface tension of copper was measured as reference and experimental σ is in the range of literature values. It is shown that for AISI 304 austenitic steel the surface tension decreased by an increase of oxygen concentration in steel composition. For Cr‐Ni and Cr‐Mn‐Ni steels, the temperature coefficient dσtrue/dT is positive which is explained by sulfur steel concentrations larger 50 mass ppm. A slight influence of nickel to the surface tension of Cr‐Mn‐Ni steels was experimentally observed where σ was lowered by rising weight percentage of nickel.

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Section: Surface Tensionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The Thermophysical Properties of Liquid TRIP/TWIP‐Steel Alloys Using the Maximum Bubble Pressure Method

Dubberstein

Heller

2013

Adv Eng Mater

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“…6c) when compared to that of 104.52 J/mm 3 . This could again be attributed to a change in the composition of the molten material and subsequent increase in surface tension due to reduction of sulphur content and further increased temperature [18].…”

Section: Ballingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation into the effect of process parameters on microstructural and physical properties of 316L stainless steel parts by selective laser melting

Cherry

Davies

Mehmood

et al. 2014

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

607

270

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Additive manufacturing by selective laser melting (SLM) was used to investigate the effect of laser energy density on 316L stainless steel properties. Point distance and exposure time were varied and their impact on porosity, surface finish, microstructure, density and hardness, was evaluated. The surface roughness was primarily affected by point distance with increased point distance resulting in increased surface roughness, R a , from 10 to 16 μm. Material hardness reached a maximum of 225 HV at 125 J/mm 3 and was related to the material porosity; with increased porosity leading to decreased material hardness. Different types of particle coalescence leading to convex surface features were observed (sometimes referred to as balling); from small ball features at low laser energy density to a mixture of both small and large ball features at high laser energy density. Laser energy density was shown to affect total porosity. The minimum amount of porosity, 0.38 %, was observed at an energy density of 104.52 J/mm 3 .

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“…For S1-S5 alloys, nitrogen was absorbed into the liquid bath from ambient atmosphere. Nevertheless, Li et al [8] report that the influence of nitrogen content on surface tension of stainless steels is negligibly small. In the case of the Cr-Mn-Ni samples S1, S2, S3, and S10 the total oxygen concentration did not reach 30 mass ppm.…”

Section: Surface Tensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the research of Brooks and Mills, [14] surface tension was determined for an AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel using EML. Li et al [8] determined the surface tension of stainless steel (Fe-18 mass% Cr-S) containing various amounts of sulfur using sessile drop method (SD). It is seen in Figure 3 In the investigated Cr-Mn-Ni steel alloys, the temperature coefficient of surface tension ðds=dT Þ is positive, Figure 4.…”

Section: Surface Tensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Mills et al, [7] an increase in the sulfur content of steel will decrease the surface tension and high sulfur content leads to a positive temperature coefficient of surface tension ðds=dT Þ which is relevant to the thermocapillary forces in TIG welding. In the research of Li et al, [8] the effect of sulfur on surface tension has been studied for liquid stainless steels. As the soluble sulfur content increased, the surface tension decreased and ðds=dT Þ became positive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Surface Tension on Gas Atomization of a CrMnNi Steel Alloy

Dubberstein

Heller

2013

steel research int.

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The aim of the current research is the experimental investigation of the mass median particle size d 50 as a function of surface tension for liquid Cr-Mn-Ni steel alloy with 16% Cr, 7% Mn, and 9% Ni. To modify the liquid steel design sulfur was add to the Cr-Mn-Ni steel in five steps up to a 1000 mass ppm. The surface tension of the liquid steel alloy was measured using maximum bubble pressure method and yttria stabilized capillary in a temperature range from 1701 to 1881 K. In addition, the same steel charges were sprayed to steel powder using a vacuum inert gas atomization using pure argon gas. The increase of sulfur in Cr-Mn-Ni steel will decrease the surface tension to 0.91 N m À1 . The temperature coefficient of surface tension is positive for all investigated Cr-Mn-Ni alloys due to a sulfur content !100 mass ppm. The final mass median particle size d 50 decreases from 54.3 mm for AISI 304 reference steel alloy to 17.1 mm for Cr-Mn-Ni steel alloy (16-7-9 S10) with the highest sulfur content and the lowest surface tension of all investigated liquid steels. It is concluded from the present work that surface tension is the decisive factor in adjusting d 50 at a constant spraying parameters.

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Determination of the surface tension of liquid stainless steel

Cited by 56 publications

References 13 publications

The Thermophysical Properties of Liquid TRIP/TWIP‐Steel Alloys Using the Maximum Bubble Pressure Method

The Thermophysical Properties of Liquid TRIP/TWIP‐Steel Alloys Using the Maximum Bubble Pressure Method

Investigation into the effect of process parameters on microstructural and physical properties of 316L stainless steel parts by selective laser melting

Effect of Surface Tension on Gas Atomization of a CrMnNi Steel Alloy

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