Determination of the true size of poly(vinyl chloride) latices by electron microscopy using a vertical shadowing technique

McDonald, S.A.; Daniels, Charles A.; Davidson, John

doi:10.1016/0021-9797(77)90017-0

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The particle sizes of the MTES‐based silsesquioxane spheres, as evaluated by SEM and dynamic light scattering, were about 390 and 405 nm, respectively. The MTES‐based silsesquioxane spheres showed a smaller mean particle size through SEM compared to DLS; this was in agreement with observations by van Helden et al24 for colloidal silica sols of Stöber silica, Catone and Matijevic25 for spherical aluminum hydroxide particles, and McDonald et al26 for poly(vinyl chloride) latexes. This could be attributed to the shrinkage of the silica structure upon drying and also upon the interaction with the electron beam 24…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Corrosion resistance conferred by superhydrophobic fluorinated polyacrylate–silica composite coatings on cold‐rolled steel

Weng¹,

Peng²,

Chang³

et al. 2012

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The superhydrophobic surface (SHS) applied for corrosion protection in this study was prepared from an organic fluorinated polyacrylate incorporated with methyltriethoxysilane (MTES)-based silsesquioxanes spheres. The SHS, with a contact angle of about 153.2 , was coated onto the surface of cold-rolled steel (CRS) with spin-coating technology. The coating materials applied as anticorrosive coatings were based on a series of electrochemical corrosionprotection measurements in saline conditions. The SHS coat-ing on CRS was found to provide superior corrosion protection to that of the hydrophobic organic coating in a series of electrochemical measurements in 3.5 wt % aqueous NaCl electrolyte. This form of coating could also provide better corrosion protection to coated CRS substrates and could serve as an effective barrier against aggressive species. V C 2012Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 126: E48-E55, 2012

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Corrosion resistance conferred by superhydrophobic fluorinated polyacrylate–silica composite coatings on cold‐rolled steel

Weng¹,

Peng²,

Chang³

et al. 2012

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…On the one hand, differences between particle size results can stem also from the different physical principles and data analysis algorithms of the measurement techniques (Kestens et al 2016 ). On the other hand, as highlighted by others, polymeric particles can shrink from prolonged exposure to the focussed electron beams of electron microscopes (McDonald et al 1977 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Validation of a particle tracking analysis method for the size determination of nano- and microparticles

et al. 2017

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Particle tracking analysis (PTA) is an emerging technique suitable for size analysis of particles with external dimensions in the nano- and sub-micrometre scale range. Only limited attempts have so far been made to investigate and quantify the performance of the PTA method for particle size analysis. This article presents the results of a validation study during which selected colloidal silica and polystyrene latex reference materials with particle sizes in the range of 20 nm to 200 nm were analysed with NS500 and LM10-HSBF NanoSight instruments and video analysis software NTA 2.3 and NTA 3.0. Key performance characteristics such as working range, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, sensitivity, robustness, precision and trueness were examined according to recommendations proposed by EURACHEM. A model for measurement uncertainty estimation following the principles described in ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 was used for quantifying random and systematic variations. For nominal 50 nm and 100 nm polystyrene and a nominal 80 nm silica reference materials, the relative expanded measurement uncertainties for the three measurands of interest, being the mode, median and arithmetic mean of the number-weighted particle size distribution, varied from about 10% to 12%. For the nominal 50 nm polystyrene material, the relative expanded uncertainty of the arithmetic mean of the particle size distributions increased up to 18% which was due to the presence of agglomerates. Data analysis was performed with software NTA 2.3 and NTA 3.0. The latter showed to be superior in terms of sensitivity and resolution.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11051-017-3966-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The main advantage of TEM is that a part of the particle population can be visualized providing additional information on their shape. In contrast to the findings of McDonald, even prolonged exposure to the electron beam and the high vacuum, which lasted up to five times longer than normally applied, did not alter the external morphology of the PVC particles (data not shown). Figure shows representative TEM images of PVC-2 and PVC-3 particles along with their number-weighted PSDs of area-equivalent diameters.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Metrological Traceability of Particle Size Values Measured with Line-Start Incremental Centrifugal Liquid Sedimentation

et al. 2017

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Line-start incremental centrifugal liquid sedimentation (disc-CLS) is a powerful method to determine particle size based on the principles of Stokes' law. Because several of the input quantities of the Stokes equation cannot be easily determined for this case of a rotating disc, the disc-CLS approach relies on calibrating the sedimentation time scale with reference particles. To use these calibrant particles for establishing metrological traceability, they must fulfill the same requirements as those imposed on a certified reference material, i.e., their certified Stokes diameter and density value must come with a realistic measurement uncertainty and with a traceability statement. As is the case for several other techniques, the calibrants do not always come with uncertainties for the assigned modal diameter and effective particle density. The lack of such information and the absence of a traceability statement make it difficult for the end-user to estimate the uncertainty of the measurement results and to compare them with results obtained by others. We present the results of a collaborative study that aimed at demonstrating the traceability of particle size results obtained with disc-CLS. For this purpose, the particle size and effective particle density of polyvinyl chloride calibrants were measured using different validated methods, and measurement uncertainties were estimated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. The results indicate that the modal Stokes diameter and effective particle density that are assigned to the calibrants are accurate within 5% and 3.5%, respectively, and that they can be used to establish traceability of particle size results obtained with disc-CLS. This conclusion has a great impact on the traceability statement of certified particle size reference materials, for which the traceability is limited to the size and density values of the calibrant particles.

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Determination of the true size of poly(vinyl chloride) latices by electron microscopy using a vertical shadowing technique

Cited by 19 publications

References 2 publications

Corrosion resistance conferred by superhydrophobic fluorinated polyacrylate–silica composite coatings on cold‐rolled steel

Corrosion resistance conferred by superhydrophobic fluorinated polyacrylate–silica composite coatings on cold‐rolled steel

Validation of a particle tracking analysis method for the size determination of nano- and microparticles

Improved Metrological Traceability of Particle Size Values Measured with Line-Start Incremental Centrifugal Liquid Sedimentation

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