Determination of theobromine and caffeine in fermented and unfermented Amazonian cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) beans using square wave voltammetry after chromatographic separation

Júnior, Paulo Cardoso Gomes; Santos, Vagner Bezerra dos; Souza, José Pio Iúdice de; Pina, Jeferson Rodrigo Souza; Júnior, Gilson Celso Albuquerque Chagas; Marinho, Patrícia Santana Barbosa

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106887

Cited by 32 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Methylxanthines are mainly synthesized via the cotyledons of cocoa beans [108] and they have been demonstrated to migrate to the shell during cocoa fermentation [109,110]. Indeed, Hernández-Hernández et al [96] found that theobromine concentrations in raw cocoa beans and raw CBS were 18.07 mg/g of cotyledon and 3.90 mg/g of CBS, respectively, while the concentrations on their fermented counterparts were 9.79 mg/g of cotyledon and 12.00 mg/g of CBS, respectively.…”

Section: Methylxanthinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocoa Bean Shell—A By-Product with Nutritional Properties and Biofunctional Potential

et al. 2020

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Cocoa bean shells (CBS) are one of the main by-products from the transformation of cocoa beans, representing 10%‒17% of the total cocoa bean weight. Hence, their disposal could lead to environmental and economic issues. As CBS could be a source of nutrients and interesting compounds, such as fiber (around 50% w/w), cocoa volatile compounds, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and a large spectrum of polyphenols, CBS may be a valuable ingredient/additive for innovative and functional foods. In fact, the valorization of food by-products within the frame of a circular economy is becoming crucial due to economic and environmental reasons. The aim of this review is to look over the chemical and nutritional composition of CBS and to revise the several uses that have been proposed in order to valorize this by-product for food, livestock feed, or industrial usages, but also for different medical applications. A special focus will be directed to studies that have reported the biofunctional potential of CBS for human health, such as antibacterial, antiviral, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, or neuroprotective activities, benefits for the cardiovascular system, or an anti-inflammatory capacity.

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Section: Methylxanthinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocoa Bean Shell—A By-Product with Nutritional Properties and Biofunctional Potential

et al. 2020

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“…When it comes to the development of fast, portable and low-cost chemical analysis devices, it is worth mentioning the use of disposable electrodes made in a 3D printer. These printers, initially created to supply needs in the field of engineering, have gained notoriety in other areas due to their speed of manufacture and the reduced use of raw materials, making it interesting for researchers and industry, especially due to its low cost and large-scale manufacturing [34][35][36] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposable 3D Printed Electrode for the Electrochemical Detection of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Aqueous Solution and 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva

Oiye

Ribeiro

Botelho³

et al. 2020

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Currently, marijuana or cannabis is the most consumed drug worldwide, and is also the one with the highest number of seizures, with 354 tons seized in Brazil in 2017. The increase in its consumption has been called attention, not only by the authorities, due to accidents caused when driving under the influence of the drug, but also by companies that carry out toxicological analyzes on their employees. For this, rapid tests, such as colorimetric tests, are generally used to analyze the urine of users. The need for agile and proper identification of drugs of abuse has encouraged the scientific community to improve and to develop new methodologies. Electrochemical methods appear as a cheap, portable and easy to use alternative. The use of biodegradable materials for the development of disposable electrodes has become paramount today. The use of 3D printers emerges as an alternative for the manufacture of these electrodes and the use of saliva instead of urine, has also been a priority because it is a less invasive sample and difficult to adulterate. In this work, a three dimensional device was created in an innovative way containing the three electrodes, working, counter and reference, in conductive material. The device was then used to detect the active principle present in cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, in aqueous solution, and its metabolite, 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC, in samples of real saliva, both through cyclic voltammetry. The positive results show that the proposed device can be used, as well as those already found on the market, for the identification of drug use and in the forensic field.

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“…Organic compounds were not studied as potential interference because their presences had been reported only in case of specific contamination, as for example caffeine, an emerging pollutant. 34,35 Nowadays, caffeine was analysed by our research group 36 using SWV and BDDE and an oxidation peak near to 1.35 V ( vs. AgAgCl, 3.0 mol L −1 KCl ) with a peak width of 0.3 V was found. Therefore, caffeine would be a potential interferent for 2,4-D SWV detection, if caffeine were present in the samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ voltammetric analysis of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in environmental water using a boron doped diamond electrode and an adapted unmanned air vehicle sampling platform

et al. 2022

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Determination of theobromine and caffeine in fermented and unfermented Amazonian cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) beans using square wave voltammetry after chromatographic separation

Cited by 32 publications

References 27 publications

Cocoa Bean Shell—A By-Product with Nutritional Properties and Biofunctional Potential

Cocoa Bean Shell—A By-Product with Nutritional Properties and Biofunctional Potential

Disposable 3D Printed Electrode for the Electrochemical Detection of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Aqueous Solution and 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva

In situ voltammetric analysis of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in environmental water using a boron doped diamond electrode and an adapted unmanned air vehicle sampling platform

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