Determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Kim, Hyunji; Shin, Ho‐Sang

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.035

Cited by 204 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…As shown in the table, some substances not contained in a cigarette are contained in an e-cigarette. Kim and Shin (20) found that of carcinogenic nitrosamines specific to tobacco, nitrosonornicotine, 4-(nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone, and nitrosoanatabine are also contained in an e-cigarette.…”

Section: Toxic Chemical Substances It Containsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Area to Fight: Electronic Cigarette

Börekçi¹,

Bilir²,

Karlikaya³

et al. 2015

Eurasian J Pulmonol

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Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) is spreading like an epidemic that threatens the public health. Last one year, e-cigarette use increased by 2 times in both adults and children, and just as the cigarette ads of 1950s and 1960s, e-cigarette ads are taking place in the television, radio, internet, magazines and in the all kinds of advertising media. E-sigara should be recognized as a serious health threat, and should be fought against it. The aim of this review is to show the effects of e-cigarette on health by the scientific evidences.

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Section: Toxic Chemical Substances It Containsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Area to Fight: Electronic Cigarette

Börekçi¹,

Bilir²,

Karlikaya³

et al. 2015

Eurasian J Pulmonol

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“…32 Tobacco-specific nitrosamines are highly carcinogenic, but the low levels found in most ENDS products are unlikely to pose a substantial risk. 33 Certain ENDS emissions can impact the viability of established cultured cell lines, however, to a lesser degree than cigarette smoke. 34,35 The emission usually contains some carcinogens and other toxins found in tobacco smoke at average levels of 1-2 times lower than in tobacco smoke, but higher than in a nicotine inhaler.…”

Section: Aldehydesmentioning

confidence: 99%

E-cigarettes: promise or threat?

Nachiappan¹,

Selvavinayagam

2017

Int J Community Med Public Health

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Use of the electronic cigarette or electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) is increasing globally. Its vapour delivers nicotine without the 6000 odd chemicals released during cigarette smoking and the associated harm. Experts are divided on whether ENDS promise reduction in tobacco use or threaten tobacco control. This review presents up-to-date evidence. Two trials showed an increase in cessation, but not a reduction in cigarette use. Eight cohort studies showed no increase in cessation, and two cohort studies and a recent trial showed an increased reduction in cigarette use. A US population study showed association between ENDS use and smoking cessation. Nicotine addiction and potential harm to non-smokers who use ENDS are key concerns. Nicotine affects lung and brain development. An increase in accidental poisoning, though mild, is reported in children. No significant short term health effects are reported. When heated, ENDS may emit potential toxic and carcinogenic substances such as aldehydes, acrolein, flavouring agents etc. at very low levels - but their long term impact is not known. ENDS bring potential benefits to smokers, but there are concerns about their potential for nicotine addiction, gateway effect and renormalisation of smoking. However, in the UK and the US, a rise in ENDS use is associated with a fall in the prevalence of smoking. Countries differ in their approach to ENDS. India seems to be edging towards a total ban. India should collect local data and conduct research to monitor the impact and make informed, evidence based decisions, where needed.

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“…A variety of mobile phases were tested for LC-MS/MS analysis of the NNN and NNK (data not shown) following the different combinations reported in the literature (Kim and Shin, 2013). The conditions selected for use, due to excellent sensitivity achieved, were 10 mM ammonium formate in methanol and 10 mM ammonium formate in water with a ratio of 70% to 30%.…”

Section: Lc-ms/msmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until recently the majority of these reports used GC coupled with thermal energy analyser (TEA) (Carmella et al, 2000, Stepanov et al, 2002 or mass spectrometry (MS) (Song and Ashley, 1999, Zhou et al, 2007, Sleiman et al, 2009), or HPLC with various detectors such as UV (Hecht et al, 1975), or TEA (Hoffmann et al, 1979). It is now more common to see LC-MS/MS being used extensively for quantitative analysis of TSNAs (Kim and Shin, 2013, Wagner et al, 2005, Wu et al, 2008, Ding et al, 2008, Xiong et al, 2010, Jansson et al, 2003 due to its high sensitivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method used a reverse-phased column with bidentate C18-C18 bonding technology and basic pH mobile phase, and achieved high sensitivity, reproducibility, precision and linear response with elution over 13 minutes. Secondly, an LC-MS/MS method was performed, adapted from methods in the literature (Kim and Shin, 2013), to quantify the two main carcinogenic TSNAs, NNN and NNK in some smokeless tobacco products. This analysis took less than 2 minutes using a HILIC column with a triple quadrupole tandem MS and was validated for linearity, detection limits, accuracy, recovery and repeatability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigations into the pituri plant: nicotine content, nicotine conversion to nornicotine, nicotine release and cytotoxicity of Australian native Nicotiana spp.

Moghbel¹

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The Aboriginal population of Central Australia use endemic Nicotiana spp. to make a smokeless tobacco product known as pituri that they chew/suck for nicotine absorption. This thesis describes the relative abundance of nicotine alkaloids amongst Australian Nicotiana spp., with special focus on the molecular characteristics of nicotine to nornicotine conversion.The most popular chewed species, N. gossei, is investigated for nicotine release and cytotoxicity in comparison to similar products to gain insight into potential hazards to pituri users.To analyse the alkaloids of Nicotiana leaves, a HPLC-UV method was developed to separate and quantify six closely related alkaloids (nicotine, nornicotine, anatabine, anabasine, myosmine, cotinine). A C18 column with a mobile phase of ammonium formate buffer (pH 10.5) separated the six alkaloids within 13 min with detection at 260 nm. Linearity, precision and reproducibility were satisfactory. The limit of quantification was 2.8 and 4.8 µg/mL for nornicotine and nicotine, respectively, and below 2 µg/mL for other alkaloids. This method quantifies more alkaloids and in less time than previously reported methods.Tobacco alkaloids are responsible in formation of carcinogenic tobacco specific nitrosamines such as N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). To quantify NNN and NNK, a fast LC-MS/MS method was developed using a HILIC column with a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. The linearity, accuracy, recovery and repeatability for this method were satisfactory, with quantification limit of 2.6 and 4.3 ng/mL for NNN and NNK, respectively. Nornicotine results from demethylation of nicotine, and is associated with negative effects on health. A group of cytochrome P450 genes that are mainly expressed during senescence or drying is involved in this conversion. The conversion loci were amplified in all studied 24 taxa, and sequenced in 6 selected species that contrast in conversion phenotype. Transcript accumulation of the responsible loci in fresh versus dried leaves of low or nonconverter N. gossei, N. excelsior and N. benthamiana maintained a steady level or a slight increase, but increased by 3 fold in cured leaves of the high converter N. goodspeedii, N. velutina and N. cavicola. This indicates the presence of functional loci that are triggered by curing only in high ii converter species and poses a potential risk for chewers of these species due to their greater potential for nornicotine production.The release of nicotine from the leaves of N. gossei was compared to that from a Swedish snus, the CORESTA reference smokeless tobacco (CRP2), and Nicabate chewing gum. A model buccal cavity system was developed and three different chewing conditions, performed manually were tested over 120 minutes: no chewing action, initial chewing and chewing at 15-minute intervals. To simulate the effect of alkaline wood ash, the effect of alkaline pH on the release of nicotine from N. gossei dry leaves was also evaluated. Samples ...

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Determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Cited by 204 publications

References 22 publications

A New Area to Fight: Electronic Cigarette

A New Area to Fight: Electronic Cigarette

E-cigarettes: promise or threat?

Investigations into the pituri plant: nicotine content, nicotine conversion to nornicotine, nicotine release and cytotoxicity of Australian native Nicotiana spp.

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