Determination of total Cl in incinerator fly ashes utilized as cement raw materials

Methods of incorporation of new reaction products in thermodynamic databases of cementitious systems

“…The components in the form of ionic oxides are generally determined by XRF as the mass percentage of each oxide in the sample [22,23]. The components can also be determined by a combination of inductively coupled plasmaoptical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to obtain major element concentrations, ICP-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) to obtain minor element concentrations, and ion chromatography (IC) to obtain anion concentrations after digestion of the sample [24][25][26][27][28]. Digestion converts solids into liquid extracts to determine the metal or anion content.…”

Environmental perspectives of recycling various combustion ashes in cement production – A review

“…Naamane et al (2016) has reported that P 2 O 5 and SO 3 in SSA increase water demand and setting time compared to the control mortar, however, the compressive strengths and the degree of hydration increase with time and become superior to the control mortar at 90 days, for a replacement rate of 15%. But, a high chloride content in cement often downgrades cement quality, makes the concrete porous and decrease its strength, expedite the leaching of heavy metals from reinforced concrete to the surroundings, cause problems during the kiln operation, and accelerate the corrosion of embedded steel supports (Saikia et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2010;Wei and Cheng, 2016). First of all, chloride may cause expansion of concrete at early ages (up to 4 weeks) due to reaction with hydrated C 3 A forming chloroaluminate hydrate (Ca 4 Al 2 Cl 2 (OH) 12 •4H 2 O), while cause higher drying shrinkage due either to a higher surface tension of water and more probably the evaporation of water from concrete by capillary action, or to set-acceleration of the main cement compounds which form a fine gel with a high surface tension; secondly, in the presence of chloride salts, the rate of decrease of compressive strength will be higher due to the reactions which took place between the C 3 A and chloride salts, forming complex compounds of calcium chloroaluminate (Al Kadhimi et al, 1988;Loser et al, 2010).…”

Experimental study on the washing characteristics of fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration

“…So, the annual generation of fly ash would be up to 5 million tonnes in China, which might cause serious environmental problems without appropriate treatment. Lack of fly ash advanced disposal technology and its capacity have become an important bottleneck for the further application of waste incineration (Tan and Xiao, 2012; Wei and Cheng, 2016; Yan et al, 2020).…”