Determination of toxaphene in fish from Northern Europe

Valk, F. van der; Wester, Piet W.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(91)90264-e

Cited by 33 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In some cases these differences were so pronounced that identifi- alone was problematic. Here and in other investigations, GC with electron impact or negative ion MS (GC-EIMS, GC-NIMS) has been used to establish the presence of PCCs with confidence [8][9][10][11][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Differences in GC patterns might be caused by selective accumulation of certain PCCs, either by differential uptake or metabolism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selective Accumulation of Polychlorocamphenes in Aquatic Biota From the Canadian Arctic

Bidleman¹,

Walla²,

Muir³

et al. 1993

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Polychlorocamphenes (PCCs; e.g., toxaphene) are major organochlorine contaminants in fish, marine mammals, and other aquatic life from the Arctic. Because PCCs yield complex GC patterns that are often greatly altered in environmental samples compared to a toxaphene standard, identification by GC with electron-capture detection is problematic. We examined PCC profiles in the blubber of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) and the liver of freshwater burbot (Lota Iota) from the Canadian Arctic by GC-negative ion mass spectrometry (GC-NIMS). Chromatograms of these specimens showed that certain PCCs were greatly enriched, compared to a toxaphene standard. Mass spectra of accumulated PCCs were consistent with octachloro-and nonachlorobornanes, with possible contribution from chlorinated bornenes. Corresponding GC peaks in the toxaphene standard appeared to be mixtures of seven-and eight-chlorine or eight-and nine-chlorine PCCs. The same peaks in biological samples showed selective accumulation of the more highly chlorinated components. To properly characterize the levels and biological effects of PCCs in arctic food chains will require isolation or synthesis of pure PCC congeners and an evaluation of their physicochemical and toxicological properties.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1) or from production of (M-CI-HC1)-from an octachlorobornane in the ion source. Still another possibility is formation of (M-Cl+O)--type ions from hexachlorobiphenyl as a result of traces of oxygen in the source[16]. However, we ran GC-NIMS scans of Aroclor 1254, which failed to show any traces of such ions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Selective Accumulation of Polychlorocamphenes in Aquatic Biota From the Canadian Arctic

Bidleman¹,

Walla²,

Muir³

et al. 1993

Environ Toxicol Chem

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“…Now banned for most uses in North America, toxaphene is still used in other parts of the world. Tsxaphene and its residues are among the persistent organochlorines that are considered global pollutants because they are carried in the atmosphere and are found in ecosystems far from the original sites of utilization (Rice and Evans 1984;Muir et al 1988; Van der valk and Wester 1991). During the 1950's and 19609s, numerous provincial and state agencies considered toxaphene a less expensive and more lethal alternative to rotenone for extirpating undesirable fish from lakes prior to stocking with various species s f trout ("lake rehabilitation", Cumming 1973).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term Invertebrate Community Response to Toxaphene Treatment in Two Lakes: 50-yr Records Reconstructed from Lake Sediments

Miskimmin¹,

Schindler²

1994

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Miskimmin, B.M., and D.W. Schindler. 1994. Long-term invertebrate community response to toxaphene treatment in two lakes: 50-yr records reconstructed from lake sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51 : 923-932.Analysis of sediment cores from two toxaphene-treated and one untreated lake basin demonstrates both the short-term effect of toxaphene applied in 1961 -62 and the longer term effect of subsequent trout stocking on invertebrates. In Chatwin Lake (higher toxaphene concentration)! planktonic cladocerans decreased in abundance, and dominance quickly changed from small-to large-bodied types. Bosmina was reduced by 88% at the time of toxaphene application and was eliminated during the 1970's as invertebrate predators like Chaobosws amesicanus increased in response to the poor survival of stocked fish. Short-term toxic effects were not detectable in cores from Peanut Lake (lower toxaphene concentration). In both treated Bakes, large invertebrates became dominant with the absence of native fish and during trout stocking. Ckaoborws spp. remained at low levels throughout the 1960's in both treated lakes compared with the untreated lake, possibly due to residual toxaphene toxicity and/or to predation by stocked fish. Toxicity to total chironomids was not detected, although genera-specific responses were not anallysed. While the higher toxaphene dosage caused residual toxicity in Chatwin Lake for at least a decade, the manipulation sf fish communities was primarily responsible for long-term changes in the invertebrates of both lakes. L'analyse de carottes sedimentaires provenant de deux bassins de lac traites au toxapkene et d'un bassin non traite, msntre a la fois les effets a court terme du toxaphene applique en 1961 -1 962 et l'effet a long terme sur les invertebres de I'ensensencensent subsequent par des truites. Bans le lac Chatwin (concentration superieure en toxaphene), ies cladocPres planctoniques ont dirminue en abondance et la dominance est rapidement passee des sujets de petite taille aux sujets de grawde taille. La population de Bosmina a et6 reduite de 88 % au moment de I'applicatisn du toxaphPne; elle a ete eiiminee au cours des annees 1970 alors que des predateurs invertebres cormme Ckaoborus americanws sont devenus plus abondants, etant donne la rmauvaise survie du poisson introduit dans le lac. Les effets toxiques a court terme n'etaient pas detectables dans les carottes du lac Peanut (concentration inferieure en toxaphhe). Bans les deux lacs trait&, les gros invertebres ssnt devenus dominants en I'absence des espPces indig$wes de poissons et durant la periode d'ensemencement avec la truite. Ckaoharus spp. est reste peu abondant tout au cours des annees 1960 dans les deux lacs traites h csmparer au lac nsn traite; cela est peut-&re attribuable A une toxicite residuelle du toxaphene et (ou) a la predation exercee par le poisson introduit. O n n'a pas detect6 de toxicite pour I'ensemble des chironomides; cependant, Bes rkponses specifiques aux genres n'ont pas et6analysees. Bien que la concentration su...

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“…Several reports on levels of toxaphene in fish and fish products from Europe show the ubiquitous presence of toxaphene in all 132 types of fish (89,167,168 both fresh water and marine biota all over the world. Also, at remote areas long distances from toxaphene sources, the levels in biota can be quite high.…”

Section: Enantiomersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second part of the code deals with C8 to Cl0, with the code reflecting the number of chlorine substituents. Finally, the code is preceded by DC (dihydrocamphenes) and enantiomers are distinguished by adding an "r" or "s" according to Wester (37 Because of this the trend at present is toward using congener-specific approaches, which is possible after the first isolation and synthesis of individual compounds (87,88 (48,90,94) and silica gel (7,89,95) Alder and Vieth (92). They eluted the silica column before the hexane/toluene fraction with 8 (202) were also found in that fraction.…”

Section: Nomencature Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%