“…Therefore, it would be extremely useful for fire fighters to have a reliable indicator to signal the breakthrough of the toxic gases and vapors. Although, various studies have developed predictive mathematical models to calculate breakthrough times for individual contaminants [Foote, 1994;Wood, 1994Wood, , 2005Yoon et al, 1996], it is extremely difficult to estimate accurate breakthrough times for complex mixtures [Yoon et al, 1996]. This is complicated by numerous external factors, such as contaminant's chemical properties, contaminant concentration, humidity, temperature, breathing rate of the respirator user, and the variability of respirator filters between manufacturers.…”