Determination of Trace Antimony by Square-Wave Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry at an Ex Situ Prepared Bismuth Film Electrode

Abstract

A square-wave adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric protocol to determine trace antimony(III) in the presence of gallic acid (GA) at an ex situ prepared bismuth film electrode (BiFE) has been investigated. A well-defined and sensitive stripping peak of the Sb(III)-gallic acid complex was observed at −0.53 V (vs. SCE) in a 0.1M acetate buffer solution (pH 4.8) at a deposition potential of −0.38 V (120 s). The experimental variables as well as potential interferences were studied. Compared with the ex situ mercury film electrode (MFE), the ex situ prepared BiFE displayed a better electroanalytical performance for the determination of antimony(III). Under the optimized conditions, the linear range was obtained between 2-25 μg/L, the limit of detection for antimony(III) was 60 ng/L and the relative standard deviation was 3.37% at the 10 μg/L level (n = 10). This method was applied to determine trace amounts of antimony in several environmental samples with the satisfactory results.

Over‐Oxidized Poly (Phenol Red) Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Ultra‐Trace Antimony (III)

“…Antimony is comparatively toxic and exposure to high level of its compounds can cause some diseases such as keratitis, conjunctivitis, dermatitis etc. and it does not display biological functions , . The four oxidation states of antimony are Sb(–III), Sb (0), Sb (III) and Sb (V), but it is mainly found in two oxidation states as Sb(III) and Sb(V), in environmental, biological, and geochemical samples.…”

Adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetric determination of antimony(III) on a glassy carbon electrode using rivastigmine as a new chemical receptor

“…Furthermore, they are more portable than the aforementioned techniques . The stripping voltammetric techniques including anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] and adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV), based on the interfacial accumulation and voltammetric determination of metal complexes [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51], are those most commonly employed in the determination of antimony due to their lower detection limits. Mercury-based electrodes have been widely preferred as the working electrode in antimony determination.…”

“…Recently, carbon-based electrodes have attracted attention in electroanalytical studies as an attractive alternative to mercury electrodes in stripping analysis due to their many advantages. These advantages include non-toxicity, wider operational potential, stability in various solvents, longer life, and environmental friendliness [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][47][48][49][50][51]. However, the use of unmodified carbon electrodes is very limited for antimony determination by electrochemical stripping methods [27].…”

“…Most methods have focused on modification of the electrode surface or use of a chelating/complexing agent to increase the detection limit. For this purpose, pyrogallol [21,51], pyrocatechol [21], polyoxometalate [26], gallic acid [47], phenylfluorone [48], pyrogallol red [49], and bromopyrogallol red [50] have been used as complexing reagents for the determination of Sb(III) in carbon-based electrodes.…”

Reduction Charge Smaller than the Deposited One in Cathodic Stripping Voltammograms of AgCl

“…proportional to concentrations of the ions to be determined [1] [2]. This technique has been applied to determine arsenic in sea water [3], traces of telluriu [4], aluminum, chromium and titanium [5], nickel generated in sonoelectrochemistry [6], tryptophan and histidine [7], trace antimony [8], cerium [9], selenium in freshwaters [10], iron in seawater [11] [12], titanium in seawater [13], manganese [14].…”