Methods and results of elemental analysis of hydrocarbons performed by nuclear-physical methods are presented. It is shown that activation analysis (AA), X-ray fluorescent (XRF) analysis and atomic-emission spectroscopy with inductively-coupled plasma (AES-ISP) allow determination of up to 30 elements in oils and bitumens and up to 40 elements in petroleum cokes, in oil-bitumen rocks, in oil and coal shales. Presented are the results of scientific and practical applications of the developed techniques.