Determination of trihalomethanes and some chlorinated solvents in drinking water by headspace technique with capillary column gas-chromatography

Kuivinen, Jorma; Johnsson, H.

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00311-x

Cited by 54 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…As a result of disinfection of natural water, THMs are produced by available chlorine reacting with organic matrices [2,3]. Naturally occurring bromide ions in the water form the brominated THMs [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, this standard has been reduced to 80 g l −1 . The Swedish regulation of total THMs is divided into two parts: first the guide level of 20 g l −1 and a limit value of 50 g l −1 [2]. Hence, for fast monitoring of THMs in drinking water and accomplishing risk assessment, sensitive, rapid and simple analytical methods are necessary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The purge and trap method is, however, more time-consuming [7,8]. Headspace method is suitable for the analysis of samples with high contents of volatiles [2]. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been developed for pretreatment of THMs [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Headspace liquid-phase microextraction of trihalomethanes in drinking water and their gas chromatographic determination

Zhao

Lao

2004

Talanta

108

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In the present work, a novel method for the determination of trihalomethanes (THMs) such as chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform in drinking water has been described. It is based on coupling headspace liquid-phase microextraction (HS-LPME) with gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). A microdrop of organic solvent at the tip of a commercial microsyringe was used to extract analytes from aqueous samples. Three organic solvents-xylene, ethylene glycol and 1-octanol-were compared and 1-octanol was the most sensitive solvent for the analytes. Extraction conditions such as headspace volume, extraction time, stirring rate, content of NaCl and extraction temperature were found to have significant influence on extraction efficiency. The optimized conditions were 15 ml headspace volume in a 40 ml vial, 10 min extraction time and 800 rpm stirring rate at 20 • C with 0.3 g ml −1 NaCl. The linear range was 1-100 g l −1 for THMs. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.15 g l −1 (for dichlorobromomethane and chlorodibromomethane) to 0.4 g l −1 (for chloroform); and relative standard deviations (RSD) for most of THMs at the 10 g l −1 level were below 10%. Real samples collected from tap water and well water were successfully analyzed using the proposed method. The recovery of spiked water samples was from 101 to 112%.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Headspace liquid-phase microextraction of trihalomethanes in drinking water and their gas chromatographic determination

Zhao

Lao

2004

Talanta

108

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“…For this reason a very sensitive analytical procedure is required. Several methods have been reported for extraction and preconcentration of samples for the determination of THMs, such as liquid-liquid extraction with n-pentane or n-hexane(LLE) 9-13 headspace (HS) techniques as static methods (HS-GC), 10,[13][14][15][16][17] and dynamic headspace purge and trap, 10,13,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] solid phase extraction (SPE) 26 and solid phase microextraction (SPME), which has been widely used for the determination of these analytes using headspace (HS-SPME). 23,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Apart from the techniques of preparation and concentration of samples, these volatile compounds are separated by gas chromatography using capillary columns of medium polarity, followed by electron capture detector (ECD), micro-electron capture (μ-ECD), 34 mass detector (MSD) or inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of the HS-SPME technique by using response surface methodology for evaluating chlorine disinfection by-products by GC in drinking water

Aguirre-González¹,

Ocampo²,

Lubert³

et al. 2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Neste trabalho são descritos os resultados da otimização da técnica de microextração em fase sólida acoplada ao headspace e detecção por cromatografia gasosa com detector de microcaptura de elétrons (HS-SPME/GC-μECD). A melhor condição de extração para os quatro trihalometanos em água potável foi conseguida através de um estudo da metodologia de superfície de resposta, usando um planejamento fatorial composto 2 5 . Cinco variáveis influentes tais como o tipo de fibra, temperatura de extração e de dessorção e tempo de extração e de dessorção foram avaliadas. As variávies que exerceram maior influência na técnica HS-SPME foram a temperatura de extração e os tempos de dessorção e extração. O tipo de fibra e a temperatura de dessorção foram menos influentes na eficiência da extração. As melhores condições de extração foram obtidas quando empregou-se a fibra de carboxeno / polidimetilsiloxano (CAR/PDMS) de 75 μm, temperatura de dessorção 250 ºC, de extração 37,5 ºC, tempo de extração 30 min e de dessorção 4 min.In this work the results of the optimization of headspace solid phase microextraction technique and determination by gas chromatography with micro electron capture detector (HS-SPME/GC-μECD) are described. The best condition of extraction for the four trihalomethanes in drinking water was reached through a response surface methodology's study using a composite 2 5 factorial design. Five experimental conditions of influence such as the type of fiber, extraction and desorption temperatures and extraction and desorption times were evaluated. The most influential factors in the technique of HS-SPME were the extraction temperature and extraction and desorption times. The type of fiber and the desorption temperature had little influence on extraction's efficiency. The best conditions were obtained with a fiber carboxen/polidimetilsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) of 75 μm, desorption temperature 250 ºC, extraction temperature 37.5 ºC , extraction time 30 min and a desorption time 4 min.

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“…The most commonly detected concentrations ranged from lower ng L -1 up to mg L -1 . 3,4 These compounds can be detected by purge and trap, 5 headspace analysis followed by GC-ECD or GC-MS detection, 6,7 and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), followed by detection with one of these chromatographic configurations. 8 Recently the liquidliquid extraction technique was automatized and miniaturized to an organic solvent volume of 100 mL by applying membranes, followed by detection with a GC equipped with an electroncapture detector.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Flat Polymer Membrane Microextraction for the Continuous Detection of Trihalomethanes in Aqueous Matrices

Gal

Zhang

Nuţiu³

2009

ANAL. SCI.

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A module was developed for the continuous monitoring of volatile halogen organic pollutants in complex matrices. The module utilized a polymer membrane for extraction and a capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for detection. The extraction of analytes (CHCl3, CHCl2Br, CHClBr2 and CHBr3) from samples was performed in a flow system mediated by a non-porous flat membrane. The effects of the phase-volume ratios, flow conditions, kinetics, analyte properties and matrices were assessed and optimized. The limits of detection were at low mg L -1 to ng L -1 levels, with GC-MS analysis under selected ion monitoring (SIM), whereas enrichment factors between 6 and 30 were achieved. Precision values calculated as repeatability and reproducibility with a relative standard deviation (%RSD, n = 5) of 7.2 to 9.5 after 30 min were obtained. The performance of the continuous membrane assisted solvent extraction system was compared with classical liquid-liquid extraction. The method was applied to the extraction of trihalomethanes in chlorinated drinking-water samples.

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Determination of trihalomethanes and some chlorinated solvents in drinking water by headspace technique with capillary column gas-chromatography

Cited by 54 publications

References 13 publications

Headspace liquid-phase microextraction of trihalomethanes in drinking water and their gas chromatographic determination

Headspace liquid-phase microextraction of trihalomethanes in drinking water and their gas chromatographic determination

Optimization of the HS-SPME technique by using response surface methodology for evaluating chlorine disinfection by-products by GC in drinking water

Application of Flat Polymer Membrane Microextraction for the Continuous Detection of Trihalomethanes in Aqueous Matrices

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