Determination of uric acid in human saliva by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection: potential application in fast diagnosis of gout

Abstract

The clinical manifestations of gout result from the formation and deposition of uric acid (UA) crystals. The monitoring of UA level in less invasive biological samples such as saliva is suggested for diagnosis and therapy of gout, hyperuricemia and the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In order to investigate the correlation between trace amounts of UA in human saliva and urine and explore the potential application in fast diagnosis of gout, capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection (CE-ED) was applied for the determination of UA in human saliva and urine in this work. Under the optimum conditions, UA and three coexisting analytes could be well separated within 14 min at the separation voltage of 14 kV in 80 mmol L(-1) borax running buffer (pH 7.8). A good linear relationship was established between peak current and concentration of analytes over two orders of magnitude with detection limits (S/N = 3) ranging from 1.09 x 10(-7) to 5.0 x 10(-7) mol L(-1) for all analytes. This proposed method has been successfully applied for study of the correlation between the UA content of human saliva and urine, providing an alternative and convenient method for rapid diagnosis of gout.

Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine

“…It is primarily composed of water, with an abundance of weak and strong ions, where their concentration is dependent on secretion stimulation type [67]. Organic non-protein compounds such as uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, amines, and lactate are also detectable [59,[68][69][70][71][72][73]. Other constituents include up to 2290 proteins [74], comprised mainly of amylase, sIgA, carbonic anhydrase, and prolinerich proteins, catecholamines [75], and hormones such as cortisol and testosterone, whose concentrations represent serum-free levels [76].…”

Simultaneous determination of aminothiols, ascorbic acid and uric acid in biological samples by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection

“…Inoue and Kirchhoff (2002) have fabricated a coenzyme pyrroloquinoline quinone modified electrode that has been employed as an amperometric detector for the CE determination of thiols, including HC-SH, C-SH, R-SH, and NAC. Guan et al (2005) have employed CE-ECD for the separation and detection of AA and UA. To the best of our knowledge, there are no earlier reports published on the simultaneous determination of HC-SH, C-SH, R-SH, AA and UA in biological samples by CE-ECD.…”

Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis for biomarker discovery

“…An uncoated fused silica capillary was used with borax solution (pH 7.8) as running buffer. The method was found to be an alternative and convenient method for rapid diagnosis of gout in the clinic [82].…”