Determination of Uric Acid, Tyrosine, Tryptophan, and Protein in whole Human Parotid Saliva by Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrophotometry

Hawkins, G. R.; Zipkin, I.; Marshall, Lawrence M.

doi:10.1177/00220345630420040301

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The sample was dialysed against water at 3°C for 24h. The presence of uric acid in the dialysed saliva was tested by the enzymic method of Hawkins, Zipkin & Marshall (1963).…”

Section: Determination Of Sedimentation Coefficients and Molecularmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification and partial characterization of four proteins from human parotid saliva

Bennick

Connell

1971

Biochemical Journal

151

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Four proteins, which have been designated A, B, C and D, have been purified from human parotid saliva. These proteins are the major constituents of parotid saliva which migrate rapidly to the anode in polyacrylamide electrophoresis at pH9.5. Gel filtration and polyacrylamide electrophoresis were employed in the purification procedures. After purification all four preparations were tested for homogeneity by electrophoresis at pH2.8 and 9.5, by isoelectric focusing in the pH range 3-10, by immunodiffusion, and by sedimentation in the analytical ultracentrifuge. None of the proteins showed significant activity in assays for amylase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, protease, lysozyme, ribonuclease, peroxidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, iron-binding activity and esterase. No cross-reactions were detected with antisera specific for lactoferrin and 15 serum proteins. All four proteins were rich in glutamic acid, proline and glycine and were lacking completely the sulphur-containing amino acids. Proteins A and C contained no threonine or tyrosine. Carbohydrate could be demonstrated only in protein A at a concentration of 4% of the total protein.

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“…The sample was dialysed against water at 3°C for 24h. The presence of uric acid in the dialysed saliva was tested by the enzymic method of Hawkins, Zipkin & Marshall (1963).…”

Section: Determination Of Sedimentation Coefficients and Molecularmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification and partial characterization of four proteins from human parotid saliva

Bennick

Connell

1971

Biochemical Journal

151

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“…8 In recent years it has been emphasized that the concentration of many of the constituents of saliva varies with flow rate'" and that the composition of the saliva produced by the individual glands differs. '0 In this paper we report the results of uric acid determination carried out in parotid and submandibular saliva collected at varying flow rates.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Flow Rate on the Concentration of Uric Acid in Human Parotid and Submandibular Saliva

Mason¹,

Boyle²,

Harden³

et al. 1966

J Dent Res

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SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUA LE INFLUENTIA DEL VELOCITATE DEL FLUXO SUPER LE CONCENTRATION DE ACIDO URIC IN HUMAN SALIVA PAROTIDIC E SUBMANDIBULAR.-Esseva constatate un correlation inverse inter le concentration de acido uric e le velocitate del fluxo in saliva submandibular e parotidic. In saliva parotidic, le concentration de acido uric declinava ab 4,1 ± 0,43 mg per 100 ml a lente velocitates de fluxo ad 1,7 ± 0,28 mg per 100 ml a rapide velocitates de fluxo. Le concentrationes esseva plus basse in saliva submandibular, i.e., 3,3 ± 0,46 mg per 100 ml e 1,3 ± 0,12 mg per 100 ml, respectivemente.In studios de acido uric, saliva deberea esser colligite quando le velocitate del fluxo es superior a 1 ml per minuta, viste que sub ille conditiones pauc variation occurre in le augmentos del concentration e precise mesurationes del rapiditate del fluxo non es necessari.Although it was suggested more than 25 years ago that estimation of the uric acid concentration in saliva might be a better index of uric acid production in the body than the acid concentration in blood or urine," 2 few studies have been made of this constituent of saliva. One recent review contains no reference to uric acid concentration in saliva,' and in another, it is wrongly concluded from the evidence cited that stimulation of the salivary secretion results in an increase in uric acid concentration.'The concentration of uric acid in mixed saliva has been reported as ranging from 0.5 to 20.6 mg/100 ml,', 2, 5-7 and in the only study in secretions from an individual gland, the concentration of uric acid in the parotid saliva collected with paraffin-wax stimulation was found to range from 0.9 to 5.5 mg/ 100 ml.8 In recent years it has been emphasized that the concentration of many of the constituents of saliva varies with flow rate'" and that the composition of the saliva produced by the individual glands differs.'0 In this paper we report the results of uric acid determination carried out in parotid and submandibular saliva collected at varying flow rates.Materials and Methods The three male and three female volunteers studied were convalescent patients and members of the hospital staff. None had gout

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“…Several problems arise in modeling the UV within virus-containing particles even when focusing primarily on virions in particles in dried respiratory droplets. Large variations occur in concentrations in airway fluids of materials such as mucins, other proteins, DNA, inorganic salts, uric acid, and other components of broken cells (Wyllie et al, 2020; Hawkins et al, 1963; Araujo et al, 2020). Even for a single person these concentrations may depend upon hydration, exercise, odors, time of day, time since last meal, etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentrations of light-absorbing materials in dried droplets used here, as well as the m i,j , m i , m r and penetration depths (δ) are given in Table 1. The main UV-light-absorbing materials in the 260 to 302 nm range in airway fluids are tryptophan and tyrosine (primarily in proteins), nucleic acids, and uric acid (Hawkins et al, 1963). At longer wavelengths the absorption by proteins, nucleic acids and uric acid tend to be so low that the penetration depths δ are many times larger than the diameter of most dried particles.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 can be partially shielded from UV radiation when in particles generated by sneezing or coughing: Numerical simulations

Doughty

Hill

Mackowski³

2020

Preprint

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UV radiation can inactivate viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. However, designing effective UV germicidal irradiation (UVGI) systems can be difficult because the effects of dried respiratory droplets and other fomites on UV light intensities are poorly understood. Numerical modeling of UV intensities inside virus-containing particles on surfaces can increase understanding of these possible reductions in UV intensity. We model UV intensities within spherical approximations of virions randomly positioned within spherical particles. The model virions and dried particles have sizes and optical properties to approximate SARS-CoV-2 and dried particles formed from respiratory droplets, respectively. Wavelengths used are 260 nm (germicidal UVC) and 302 nm (solar UVB). In 5- and 9-μm diameter particles on a surface, illuminated by 260-nm UV light from a direction perpendicular to the surface, 10% and 18% (respectively) of simulated virions are exposed to intensities less than 1/100th of intensities in individually exposed virions (i.e., they are partially shielded). Even for 302-nm light, where the absorption is small, 11% of virions in 9-µm particles have exposures 1/100th those of individually exposed virions. Calculated results show that shielding of virions in a particle can be strongly reduced by illuminating a particle either from multiple widely separated incident directions, or by illuminating a particle rotating in air (because of turbulence, Brownian diffusion, etc.) for a time sufficient to rotate through all orientations with respect to the UV illumination. Because highly UV-reflective paints and surfaces can increase the angular ranges of illumination, they appear likely to be useful for reducing shielding of virions.

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Determination of Uric Acid, Tyrosine, Tryptophan, and Protein in whole Human Parotid Saliva by Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrophotometry

Cited by 18 publications

References 6 publications

Purification and partial characterization of four proteins from human parotid saliva

Purification and partial characterization of four proteins from human parotid saliva

The Influence of Flow Rate on the Concentration of Uric Acid in Human Parotid and Submandibular Saliva

Viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 can be partially shielded from UV radiation when in particles generated by sneezing or coughing: Numerical simulations

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