Determination of urinary 2,5-hexanedione in the general Italian population

Bavazzano, P; Apostoli, Pietro; Balducci, C.; Bartolucci, Giovanni Battista; Buratti, M; Duca, Piergiorgio; Gori, Giampaolo; Donni, Li; Perbellini, Luigi; Perico, Angelo; Minoia, Claudio

doi:10.1007/s004200050282

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…We used two different limits for male (0.795 mg/l) and female subjects (0.627 mg/l) according to the literature (Bavazzano et al 1998). Subjects with levels higher than those of the reference population.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational exposure to n-hexane in Italy—analysis of a registry of biological monitoring

Baldasseroni

Bavazzano²,

Donni³

et al. 2003

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Objective: This study assesses 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) in the urine of subjects exposed to n-hexane solvent between 1991 and 1998, from details obtained from the Registry of Biological Monitoring (BM) at the Florence Local Health Unit, and its development over time. Methods: The Registry contains 15,925 samples from 6,650 subjects occupationally exposed to n-hexane, especially in leather (9,099 samples; 3,607 subjects) and shoe (3,865 samples; 1,938 subjects) production. Results: Over the time span studied there was a total reduction of 31.9% in urinary 2,5-HD level. The yearly decrease over the entire period was 5.4%. Dividing the 8 years into three periods: before the introduction of the new legislation for health protection in the workplace (1991)(1992)(1993), during its transition (1994)(1995)(1996) and after its complete enforcement (1997)(1998), respectively, we observed a marked decrease in the last period. Women and young people (under 30 years) experienced significantly higher absorption levels (respectively, 7.1% and 24.4%). Conclusion: The data suggest that monitoring was more frequent in subjects with higher starting values, and the greatest decrease was reported in this group. Reduction may be due to less n-hexane in the products used, better structural conditions in the factories, and the effectiveness of inspections carried out by the authority for hygiene and safety in the workplace. The results confirm the usefulness of the reporting of risk levels of exposure to industrial toxicants by routine biological monitoring.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational exposure to n-hexane in Italy—analysis of a registry of biological monitoring

Baldasseroni

Bavazzano²,

Donni³

et al. 2003

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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“…Five urinary samples, all referents, showed values below the detection limit (0.00, 0.03, 0.04, 0.08 and 0.09 mg/L) and were after consideration included in the statistical analysis. The 2,5-HD levels were not adjusted to the urine creatinine concentration since we aimed to compare our results for the Swedish population to other populations and most other studies were reported without such correction [8-15]. Moreover, as mentioned earlier, the urine samples were collected as morning samples, hence less sensitive to dilution.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urinary 2,5-HD has not only been detected in workers with occupational exposure to n-hexane, but is also found in low concentrations in the general population (Table 1) [8-15]. The aim of this study was to compare the excretion of 2,5-HD between cases of cryptogenic polyneuropathy with no known occupational exposure to n-hexane and the general population, and to elucidate the influence of certain external factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary 2,5-hexanedione excretion in cryptogenic polyneuropathy compared to the general Swedish population

Persson

Vrethem

Murgia

et al. 2013

J Occup Med Toxicol

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Background2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) is the main neurotoxic metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone (MBK) and n-hexane, and known to cause polyneuropathy. The aim of our study was to compare the urinary levels of 2,5-HD between cases with cryptogenic polyneuropathy and the general Swedish population, and to elucidate the role of certain external factors.MethodsMorning urine samples were collected from 114 cases with cryptogenic polyneuropathy (77 men and 37 women) and 227 referents (110 men and 117 women) randomly selected from the population registry. None had any current occupational exposure to n-hexane or MBK. The urine samples were analysed by a gas chromatographic method based on acidic hydrolysis.ResultsCases had statistically higher urinary levels of 2,5-HD (0.48 mg/L) than the general population (0.41 mg/L) and men higher excretion than women (0.48 mg/L and 0.38 mg/L, respectively). There was no difference in 2,5-HD levels between current smokers and non-smokers. Occupational exposure to xylene, alcohol consumption and ever exposed to general anaesthesia were associated with lower excretion in men while for occupational exposure to nitrous oxide in women higher excretion was seen. Higher excretion of 2,5 HD was inversely related to increasing age.ConclusionsSignificantly higher levels of urinary 2,5-HD were seen in men and cryptogenic polyneuropathy cases seemingly unexposed to n-hexane. Hypothetically, this might be due to either differences in metabolic patterns or some concealed exposure. The difference in means between cases and the general population is small and can therefore not allow any firm conclusions of the causality, however.

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“…Moreover, the method might be useful even in the case of the unexposed general population, for which median values of 0.270 mg L À1 for men and 0.191 mg L À1 for women (as 'total' 2,5-HD) have been reported. 22 In this case, when the 'free' proportion has to be determined, sample enrichment prior to LC/MS analysis is recommended. For this purpose, off-line or on-line SPE should be preferred to liquid-liquid extraction, for which evaporation to dryness and reconstruction of the sample in water are needed.…”

Section: Determination Of 25-hd: Linearity Sensitivity and Precisiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination ofn-hexane metabolites by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry 1. 2,5-Hexanedione and other phase I metabolites in untreated and hydrolyzed urine samples by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

Andreoli¹,

Manini²,

Mutti³

et al. 1998

Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.

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The capabilities of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (APCI-LC/MS) were investigated for the analysis of urinary 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) and for the identification and characterization of other n-hexane Phase I metabolites in hydrolized urine samples. Chromatography was performed under reversed phase conditions at 0.75 mL min-1 flow rate. The ionization of 2,5-HD and other n-hexane metabolites was obtained in positive ion mode. After optimization of several interface parameters, the linearity, sensitivity and precision of the method were determined operating in the selected ion monitoring mode. Detection limits were 0.02 and 0.05 mg L-1 in water and urine respectively, with linear calibration curves in the 0.05-10 L-1 concentration range. Repeatability and both intra-day and inter-day precision were determined at two concentration levels (0.5 and 5.0 mg L-1), and relative standard deviations were in the 1.3%-5.3% range. The method was applied to the quantitative analysis of 2,5-HD in urine samples from an external Quality Assurance Programme for Organic Solvent Metabolites. Moreover, the metabolites 5-hydroxy-2-hexanone, 2,5-hexanediol and 4,5-dihydroxy-2-hexanone were identified and confirmed in hydrolyzed urine of rats exposed to n-hexane.

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Determination of urinary 2,5-hexanedione in the general Italian population

Cited by 22 publications

References 12 publications

Occupational exposure to n-hexane in Italy—analysis of a registry of biological monitoring

Occupational exposure to n-hexane in Italy—analysis of a registry of biological monitoring

Urinary 2,5-hexanedione excretion in cryptogenic polyneuropathy compared to the general Swedish population

Determination ofn-hexane metabolites by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry 1. 2,5-Hexanedione and other phase I metabolites in untreated and hydrolyzed urine samples by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

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