Determination of various insecticides and pharmaceuticals using differently modified glassy carbon electrodes

Abstract

The applicability of differently modified glassy carbon (GC) electrodes for direct or indirect determinations of various physiologically active compounds (insecticides and pharmaceuticals) in different formulations and some real samples was investigated. Samples of selected insecticides from the group of neonicotinoids with nitroguanidine (thiamethoxam and imidacloprid), cyanoimine (acetamiprid) and nitromethilene (nitenpyram) fragments, prepared in an appropriate manner, were determined by voltammetry on bare and surface-modified GC electrodes, while in the case of pharmaceuticals such as Trodon and Akineton, the chloride anion titration was followed using bare GC and phosphorus doped (P-GC) electrodes. The P-GC was also used to monitor the chloride content in the photocatalytic degradation of the (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid herbicide. It was found that apart from the nature of the electrode material, the analyte and supporting electrolyte, as well as the pretreatment of the electrode surface essentially influences the applicability of the employed sensors.

Determination of H2O2 by MnO2 modified screen printed carbon electrode during Fenton and visible light-assisted photo-Fenton based removal of acetamiprid from water

“…Based on earlier published papers an overall reduction of MnO 2 to oxides with manganese in lower oxidation states in combination with a reduction of H 2 O 2 may be considered as the possible reason of the signal[25]. The second peak, which appeared between -1.20 V and -1.70 V with a maximum at -1.50 V can be assigned to the reduction of ACT, which is in accordance with electrochemical studies of acetamiprid on glassy carbon electrodes[52]. By adding of Fe 2+ to such a system, both peaks are significantly decreased, which demonstrates that ACT degradationand H 2 O 2 consumption are in progress.…”

A Decade with Bismuth‐Based Electrodes in Electroanalysis

“…It is interesting that other Bi-nanoparticlemodified electrodes were reported immediately afterwards [111,113] and whereas the first experimental procedure had not included any special preparation of such a film, the second report specified synthesis of Bi-nanopowder by the levitational gas condensation method. (In fact, practically each Bi-film plated in situ is an ensemble of nanoparticles, which is similar to mercury films and which was confirmed in numerous microscopic studies [99,108,109,114,118,123,124]). Furthermore, one can mention a sophisticated configuration of Bi-coated polycrystalline Pt-electrodes [115] [112,118], miniaturized disposable sensors [108,110], and integrated multielectrode cells fabricated by screen-printing [126].…”

“…Even though the vast majority of practically orientated research into bismuth electrodes has focused on the determination of inorganic ions, there has also been increasing effort towards the determination of organic compounds. The analysis of organic compounds represents approximately 15% of the total research activity into BiEs and can be split into four main areas, namely (i) fundamental investigations into the analysis of model organic compounds including nitrophenols [17,32]; (ii) determination of pharmaceutical substances including aminosalicylate drugs [182], Daunomycin [48], Tetracycline [97] and Diclofenac [117]; (iii) the determination of pesticides [80,123,127,144,165]; and (iv) the determination of various compounds of biological relevance [19,84,107,111].…”

“…Organic pollutants were then the focus of two reports [123,125] on nitroguanidines (Thiamethoxam and Imidacloprid), cyanoimine (Acetamiprid), and a nitromethylene derivative (Nitenpyram). Last but not least, among biologically active substances and pharmaceuticals, the new analytes of choice were antibiotic Tetracyclin [97], AGinhibitors (Amaryl and Ascorbose [107]), Dicyclofenac (a drug with broad therapeutic use [117]), or antiparkinsonian agent Trodon and a pain reliever Akineton [123].…”

Voltammetric determination of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam using a tricresyl phosphate-based carbon paste electrode

“…9 Ultra-sensitive automated flow fluorescent immunoassay 10 has also been e mployed for the rapid, sele ctive and s ensitive analysis of different samples containing thiamethoxam. Several electroanalytical methods, such as cy clic vol tammetry (CV), 11 differential-pulse polarography (DPP) 12 and differential-pulse voltammetry (DPV), [13][14][15] h ave also be en employed for the determ ination of thia methoxam in m odel solutions and som e real samples.…”