Determination of Water-Soluble Vitamins in Iraqi Honey Bee and Compare with Others Types by High –Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

A histological study showed the wall of the stomach in Pica pica and Herpestes javanicus consists of four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa. Also, the present study showed many differences in the histological structures of the stomach for each in both types. The stomach of P. pica consists of two portions: the proventiculus and gizzard, while the stomach of H. javanicus consists of three portions: cardiac, fundic and pyloric regions. The mucosa layer formed short gastric folds, named plicae. In the proventiculus of P. pica, sulcus is found between each two plicae, but the folds called gastric pits in the gizzard, which are full with koilin. Lamina properia in both types contained gastric glands (straight simple tubular glands) named superficial glands, as well as another gastric gland found in the submucosa layer of the proventiculus in P. pica only named deep gastric glands. The gastric gland in the stomach of H. javanicus contained: mucous neck cells and parietal cells positive to AB/PAS stains in cardiac portion, as well as chief cells in fundic portion, but pyloric portion had just mucous neck cells. Muscularis externa in both types formed two muscle layers: inner and outer layer.

Quality Characterization of Honeys from Iraqi Kurdistan

“…2 compounds like alcohols, phenols, ketones, organic acids, and esters with antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activity. Hamed et al [8] focused to determination of water-soluble vitamins of Bcomplex group in Iraqi honeys by HPLC method. Al-Hasani et al [9] detected antibacterial effect of Iraqi honey samples against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria at concentration of 100 % and the inhibition effect of honey decreased as honey diluted.…”

Study on the Effect of Bee Strain and Insemination Method on the Hygienic Behavior of Bee Colonies Tested Using the Pricking Method

“…The second type is called the "Siyafi" or "Al-Ghashima" (Wild) bee strain, whose workers are dark in color and aggressive in nature [7]. [8] studied the most important water-soluble vitamins in the local Iraqi honey bee strain and compared them with imported bee strains, finding many differences that may be considered as future classification characteristics.…”

Study on the Effect of Bee Strain and Pollination Method on the Hygienic Behavior of Honey Bee Colonies Tested by Liquid Nitrogen Freezing Method

“…While some studies have found that the honeybees found in the central regions of Iraq differ in morphological measurements from the Carniolan and IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1262/3/032028 2 Italian honeybees, it is suggested that they are closer to the subspecies of Syrian honeybee, Apis mellifera syriaca [3]. The important water-soluble vitamins were studied in the local Iraqi honeybee strain and compared to imported honeybee strains, revealing several differences that could be considered as potential future classification traits [4]. Honeybee colonies can be affected by various diseases and pests, including American Foulbrood (AFB), European Foulbrood (EFB), infestation by Varroa mites (Varroa), Nosema infection (Nosema), and others [5,6].…”