IntroductionCustomer waiting time for service typically represents the first direct interaction between customers and most service delivery processes, so the importance of properly managing waiting times is of significant interest to most service operations. In recent years, service managers have made efforts to reduce customer waiting times and, and in some cases, totally to eliminate waits by improving processes or by adopting faster service technologies.Customer reactions to waiting in line, whether they are good or bad, can color the customer's perception of the service delivery process. For example, customers in a restaurant who are unhappy about their long wait for seating may complain about the quality of the food, even if the food is totally acceptable. Chebat et al.'s (1994) study of bank customers supports this notion of a "halo effect", concluding that a customer's evaluation of service quality was affected not only by the end service received, but also by the service delivery process itself, which includes waiting time. It is therefore critical, in situations where waiting is inevitable, that service managers attempt to provide a high level of satisfaction with the waiting portion of the service experience.Previous research on customer satisfaction with respect to waiting in service operations has tended to parallel the broader research issue of customer satisfaction in services. This research can be divided into three broad areas:(1) developing a methodology for defining customer satisfaction;(2) measuring customer satisfaction; and(3) identifying the factors that affect the level of customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction can, therefore, be conceived as one element of an overall model of customer behavior that evolves over time (Beardon and Teele, 1983;Day and Landon, 1977).