“…Distributed optical surveillance systems in urban environments coupled with machine learning technologies provide additional mechanisms for obtaining FGLD. Since the 1990s, researchers have demonstrated the use of automated license plate recognition (ALPR) scanning systems to conduct origin-destination pattern analyses (Shuldiner, D'Agostino, and Woodson 1996). Many state transportation agencies rely on such technologies for tolling, and use among police agencies is common.…”