“…It is not appropriate to use the separate calibration method again, because the IMU needs to be disassembled, transported to the laboratory and re-equipped in the middle, which limits the possibility of long-distance voyages for the ship in terms of time and space. The system-level calibration technology can break the space–time limit of the split calibration, because it does not need the height reference of the turntable (the precision turntable provides position and velocity reference), and takes the navigation errors, such as attitude error, velocity error and position error, as the observation measurement, and combines this with the least square method or a filtering method, such as Kalman filter, to calibrate the error parameters [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”