Determining pesticide contamination in honey by LC-ESI-MS/MS – Comparison of pesticide recoveries of two liquid–liquid extraction based approaches

Determination of pesticide residues in honey: a preliminary study from two of Africa’s largest honey producers

“…For instance, for nicosulfuron, based on the data provided in Table 2, the clean-up step can be omitted to yield 100 % recovery. This suggests that in the absence of clean-up resources, satisfactory information on levels of residue contamination in honey can still be achieved with minimal sample manipulations as found in other studies (Kujawski et al 2014). Although omitting the clean-up step offers time savings in sample processing and is more economical, further precaution must be taken to avoid any potential clogging of the LC-MS system or eventual contamination of the MS ionization source.…”

“…For instance, a recent study compared four different methods for extracting 12 organophosphates and carbamates from honey and concluded that the choice of the method depends on the targeted analytes (Blasco, et al 2011). In another example (Kujawski et al 2014), two methods; solid supported liquid-liquid extraction(SLE) and a modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective and Safe (QuEChERS) method for multiresidue analysis were compared using extraction efficiencies for determination of 30 LCamenable pesticides in honey at their MRLs. These authors concluded that in terms of recovery (ranged from 34 to 96 %) the methods had no significant difference but in terms of costs and time, the modified QuEChERS was better (Kujawski et al 2014).…”

“…In another example (Kujawski et al 2014), two methods; solid supported liquid-liquid extraction(SLE) and a modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective and Safe (QuEChERS) method for multiresidue analysis were compared using extraction efficiencies for determination of 30 LCamenable pesticides in honey at their MRLs. These authors concluded that in terms of recovery (ranged from 34 to 96 %) the methods had no significant difference but in terms of costs and time, the modified QuEChERS was better (Kujawski et al 2014). In this study, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to analyze multiclass chemical contaminants in African honey at parts per billion (ppb) levels.…”

Development of counter current salting-out homogenous liquid–liquid extraction for isolation and preconcentration of some pesticides from aqueous samples

“…Another extraction procedure, namely homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction (HLLE), utilizes a phase separation phenomenon in a homogeneous solution. One version of HLLE is salting-out homogenous liquidliquid extraction (SHLLE) which has been used for extraction and preconcentration of the selected analytes from aqueous samples [12,13]. Recent researches have been oriented towards development of efficient, economical, and miniaturized sample preparation methods.…”

On-Line Sample Pre-Treatment Procedures Applied to LC–MS

“…The organic solvent is not retained by the highly polar silica surface and so is readily eluted from the cartridge. [47][48][49] …”