Determining Population Characteristics and Sampling Procedures for the Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and the Predatory Mite Amblyseius cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Greenhouse Cucumber

Analysis of spatial and temporal associations of adult and immature Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in cucumber greenhouses

“…First, the sampling used to estimate and predict changes of thrips populations in greenhouses should target immature populations on plants because F. occidentalis immature populations are more spatially aggregated and temporally associated than adults in greenhouses. Steiner (1990) found little correlation between F. occidentalis density on plants and the amount of cucumber fruit damage. In addition, Higgins (1992) reported that the simultaneous use of sticky traps and plant samplings allowed for quick detection of potential hot spots of thrips activities in greenhouses.…”

“…F. occidentalis immatures can also cause indirect damage by feeding on leaves and flowers, which reduces leaf size and photosynthesis (Steiner, 1990).…”

Monitoring of Western Flower Thrips on Glasshouse and Vegetable Crops

“…This monitoring program has identified a threshold of > 3 thrips per flower as a level at which the pest can cause economic damage to the crop. Steiner (1990) suggests for cucumber a possible economic injury level of l.7 adults or 9.5 larvae per middle leaf of a plant. This threshold is based upon information for spider mites, which cause similar damage on cucumber, where ;;?…”

“…In field-grown tomatoes, the density of adult WFT is greater near the perimeter of the field (Salguero Navas et al 1991). With respect to the spatial pattern within plants, the majority of the adults and immatures are found in the top one-third of sweet pepper (Shipp & Zariffa 1991) and the middle leaves of cucumber (Steiner 1990). It is very time-consuming and labor-intensive to determine this information for all crops.…”

Integrated pest management of disease and arthropod pests of greenhouse vegetable crops in Ontario: Current status and future possibilities

“…Most cultivars of tomatoes are resistant to one or more diseases such as tobacco and tomato mosaic virus, fusarium and verticillium wilt, cladosporium leaf mold and FORL (Farley and Lindquist 1981;Anonymous 1988 (Price 1986). ZhaoHta et al (1987) Dicke et al 1990 (Jarvis 1991 (Gilkeson et al 1990; Tellier and Steiner 1990) and a predacious mite, GeolaelapJ sp. nr.…”