Determining the absolute carrier phase of a few-cycle laser pulse

Dietrich, Peter; Krausz, Ferenc; Corkum, P. B.

doi:10.1364/ol.25.000016

Cited by 181 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Along these lines, attosecond angular streaking [13][14][15], originally proposed to measure the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle pulses [16], has been utilized to put a small upper limit on the tunneling delay time between the maximum of the electric field and the appearance of the escaping electron [17], thus giving insight into strong-field ionization on extremely short time scales. The interpretation of the momentum spectra in angular streaking, however, is complicated by Coulomb effects on the electron trajectories after tunneling and furthermore it is restricted to the intensity range below saturation [11].…”

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Adiabaticity in the lateral electron-momentum distribution after strong-field ionization

Henkel

Lein

Engel³

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. A

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By solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for atoms in short laser pulses of different polarizations, it is shown that in strong-field ionization without rescattering, the lateral width of the electron-momentum distribution corresponds adiabatically to the instantaneous laser field on a sub-laser-cycle time scale, as expected in pure tunneling ionization. In contrast to the distributions along the polarization direction, the width is affected little by depletion or Coulomb effects. Over the past three decades, rapid progress has been made in the development of lasers capable of producing strong pulses in the femtosecond regime. This had led to progress in many areas ranging from above-threshold ionization (ATI) [1] over highorder harmonic generation [2] and attosecond pulse generation [3] to laser-induced fragmentation of molecules [4,5], to name just a few. Many of the phenomena induced by strong fields have been explained on the basis of tunneling ionization. Tunneling is a purely quantum mechanical process, which is considered as one of the main differences from classical mechanics. Frequently, a semiclassical two-step model is invoked, which assumes that ionization leads to the birth of an unbound electron at the outer exit of the laser-induced tunneling barrier. After appearing in the classically allowed region, the electron motion is modeled by a Newtonian trajectory [6]. This has been used for many purposes, e.g., to derive cutoff laws in ATI [7,8], to describe Coulomb focusing [9], to correct the strong-field approximation for elliptically polarized fields [10], and to model the momentum distribution in angular streaking [11]. The semiclassical model is also the basis for the three-step model of high-order harmonic generation [12].For an understanding of strong-field processes it is essential to verify the validity of the tunneling and semiclassical pictures. Along these lines, attosecond angular streaking [13][14][15], originally proposed to measure the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle pulses [16], has been utilized to put a small upper limit on the tunneling delay time between the maximum of the electric field and the appearance of the escaping electron [17], thus giving insight into strong-field ionization on extremely short time scales. The interpretation of the momentum spectra in angular streaking, however, is complicated by Coulomb effects on the electron trajectories after tunneling and furthermore it is restricted to the intensity range below saturation [11]. It is desirable to overcome these limitations of angular streaking.Recently, the importance of the lateral momentum distribution, i.e., the distribution in the direction perpendicular to the laser field, has been recognized [18][19][20]. If not modified by electron recollision, the lateral distribution carries direct information about the ionization step since there is no laserinduced force in this direction. The tunneling ionization rate decreases with increasing lateral momentum approximately as a Gaussian. The width of the Ga...

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“…5(a)]. The shift at high fields can mostly be explained by the depletion effect [16], which simply shifts the most likely starting time t 0 to earlier times. However, if we compare the TDSE curves to the predictions of the SM model including depletion, we observe that a difference remains.…”

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confidence: 99%

Adiabaticity in the lateral electron-momentum distribution after strong-field ionization

Henkel

Lein

Engel³

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. A

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“…In figure 3(b) it is clear that there are more electrons along the minor axis of the ellipse. This counterintuitive result is explained in [23]. It occurs because the ionization rate is a function of the laser's instantaneous electric field while the drift velocity is a function of the vector potential at the phase of ionization.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and characterization of ultrahigh vacuum/chemical vapor deposition SiGe epitaxial layers on bulk single-crystal SiGe and Si substrates

Sheng

Dion

McAlister

et al. 2002

Journal of Vacuum Science &Amp; Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films

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Momentum space tomographic imaging of photoelectrons AbstractWe apply tomography, a general method for reconstructing 3D distributions from multiple projections, to reconstruct the momentum distribution of electrons produced via strong field photoionization. The projections are obtained by rotating the electron distribution via the polarization of the ionizing laser beam and recording a momentum spectrum at each angle with a 2D velocity map imaging spectrometer. For linearly polarized light, the tomographic reconstruction agrees with the distribution obtained using an Abel inversion. Electron tomography, which can be applied to any polarization, will simplify the technology of electron imaging. The method can be directly generalized to other charged particles.

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“…4). 23 It should be noted that a complete 3D velocity distribution is available from one single measurement.…”

Section: A Test Case: Strong Field Ionization Of Xenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Communication: Time- and space-sliced velocity map electron imaging

Lee

Lin

Lingenfelter

et al. 2014

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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We develop a new method to achieve slice electron imaging using a conventional velocity map imaging apparatus with two additional components: a fast frame complementary metal-oxide semiconductor camera and a high-speed digitizer. The setup was previously shown to be capable of 3D detection and coincidence measurements of ions. Here, we show that when this method is applied to electron imaging, a time slice of 32 ps and a spatial slice of less than 1 mm thick can be achieved. Each slice directly extracts 3D velocity distributions of electrons and provides electron velocity distributions that are impossible or difficult to obtain with a standard 2D imaging electron detector. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx

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Determining the absolute carrier phase of a few-cycle laser pulse

Cited by 181 publications

References 14 publications

Adiabaticity in the lateral electron-momentum distribution after strong-field ionization

Adiabaticity in the lateral electron-momentum distribution after strong-field ionization

Growth and characterization of ultrahigh vacuum/chemical vapor deposition SiGe epitaxial layers on bulk single-crystal SiGe and Si substrates

Communication: Time- and space-sliced velocity map electron imaging

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