To verify the underwater acoustic vector sensor (AVS) and signal processing method, trials were conducted through trials on 23 November 2022, at IMR Nykirkekaien in Bergen (Figure S1). The AVS was deployed at a depth of 2 m, positioned 0.5 m from the pier, and was mounted in the same manner as the experiments in 2020. An active acoustic source, specifically an underwater speaker (LL-1424HP from Lubell Labs Inc., USA), was suspended at a depth of 2 m and located 1 m from the pier, using a forklift for support. During each transmission, the speaker transmitted a chirp (from 20 to 1000 Hz with 30 s duration) 50 s ahead of a 10-second tone signal of 400 Hz. The chirp signal was used for the time synchronization during post data processing. The tone signal was chosen to achieve acoustic