Determining the distribution of triclosan and methyl triclosan in estuarine settings

Abstract

h i g h l i g h t sSimultaneous extraction of TCS and MTCS by SBSE-LD and PLE-in-cell-clean up. Analysis of estuarine sediment and water samples and from photodegradation assays. Distribution of analytes in estuaries depends on wastewater sources and tides. TCS can be both photodegraded or converted to MTCS in estuaries. a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c tWe have developed a method for the analysis of two sewage-derived contaminants: triclosan (TCS), an antibacterial agent, and methyl triclosan (MTCS), a TCS metabolite. For solid samples (4 g), extraction and cleanup were integrated into the same step using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with in-cellclean-up (1 g of florisil). The extraction was performed using dichloromethane at 100°C, 1500 psi and 3 static extraction cycles of 5 min each. For water samples (100 mL), stir bar sorptive extraction-liquid desorption (SBSE-LD) was used. Bars were stirred for 10 h and analytes were later desorbed using acetonitrile. Finally, MTCS and a silylated derivative of TCS were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Recovery experiments in water and sediments were performed and the results ranged from 67% to 78%. Limits of detection (LODs) were 5 ng L À1 for TCS and 1 ng L À1 for MTCS, in water samples, and 0.1 ng g À1 for TCS and MTCS in solid samples. The method was applied then to determine the levels of these compounds in the estuary of Guadalete River (SW Spain). TCS and MTCS concentrations up to 9.6 ng g À1 in sediments and 310 ng L À1 in water were measured. Their distribution was strongly influenced by the presence of wastewater sources, treated and untreated, along the sampling area, where maximum concentrations were detected. Highest values were reached in the water column during low tides as the water volume in the estuary becomes lower.

Effects of triclosan and triclocarban on the growth inhibition, cell viability, genotoxicity and multixenobiotic resistance responses of Tetrahymena thermophila

“…For example, TCS is commonly used in antibacterial mouthwash, toothpaste, detergents, shampoos, underarm deodorants and plastic products, whereas TCC is mostly applied to antibacterial soaps and body washes (Bedoux et al, 2012;Hinther et al, 2011). Both compounds are frequently identified in wastewater, surface waters and sediments, as well as in aquatic organisms (Bedoux et al, 2012;Pintado-Herrera et al, 2014;Chen et al, 2014;Gautam et al, 2014;Halden and Paull, 2005). To date, the maximum reported concentrations in surface water were up to 5.16 lg L À1 for TCS in the Tamiraparani River in India (Ramaswamy et al, 2011) and 6.75 lg L À1 for TCC in the urban stream in USA (Halden and Paull, 2005).…”

Simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis and extraction of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in fish bile using polyethersulfone polymer

“…On the other hand, the use of microextraction procedures is gaining a growing interest, especially solid phase microextraction (SPME) [30] and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) [12,31]. However, SPME lacks the required low limits of detection and SBSE, usually performed with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer, is still limited to non-polar compounds [32,33].…”

“…Among many other chemical compounds, alkylphenols (APs), estrogens, bisphenol-A (BPA) and phthalate esters (PEs) have been classified as EDCs [2,[7][8][9] and they have been included in different legislations such as the Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2013/39/EU). Although the EDCs are usually found in environmental water samples at very low concentration levels (ng L −1 ) [10][11][12], this chronic sublethal exposure of aquatic species to EDCs seems to modify their endocrine system [2,13,14]. Metabolic reactions produce more stable and polar products that are easily excreted by urine or bile [15], and fishes are able to conjugate the parental xenobiotics into the corresponding glucuronides [7,8,16], glucosides [17] or sulphates [7,18] in order to eliminate many foreign compounds.…”

Atmospheric pressure gas chromatography–time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (APGC–ToF-MS) for the determination of regulated and emerging contaminants in aqueous samples after stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)

“…Examples are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, and other priority pollutants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Most recently, the scientific community has been targeting new compounds [4] -so called emerging contaminants -that are less persistent but, due to their chemical structure and continuous input into the environment, may disrupt endocrine and reproductive systems, alter animal behavior and damage tissues [5][6][7]. One of the most important groups in terms of production volume are personal care products (PCPs), which include fragrances, sun-screen agents and antiseptics, surfactants and some new flame retardants, among others chemicals.…”

“…The molecular ion (m/z = 257) could not be detected and some of the m/z ratios in the mass spectrum of these chemical (e.g., m/z = 98, 169 and 241) were also common for other target (e.g., BP10, b endosulfan, prometryn) and non-target compounds, which could lead to the occurrence false positives in environmental samples. We decide to use m/z = 169 as the main fragment for the identification and quantification of Musk R1, corresponding to the fragmentation at the ester bond and loss of 87 mass units, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 O*. When APGC is used instead, ionization is heavily influenced by the presence of water traces in the source that enhance protonation processes.…”