Determining the role of phonology in silent reading using event-related brain potentials

Newman, Randy Lynn; Connolly, John F.

doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.05.006

Cited by 68 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…However, an early effect of phonological typicality appears likely, given the growing number of event-related brain-potential studies indicating that the language system generates fast, probabilistic expectations for various characteristics of upcoming words, including their specific lexical category (31) and onset phoneme (32). Moreover, not only does phonology facilitate the integration of word meaning with sentential context in silent reading independent of orthography (33), but also, in the form of prosody, has an immediate influence on syntactic interpretation (34), even when words are presented visually (35) similar to experiments 2-4.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Phonological typicality influences on-line sentence comprehension

Farmer

Christiansen

Monaghan

2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

160

221

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Since Saussure, the relationship between the sound and the meaning of words has been regarded as largely arbitrary. Here, however, we show that a probabilistic relationship exists between the sound of a word and its lexical category. Corpus analyses of nouns and verbs indicate that the phonological properties of the individual words in these two lexical categories form relatively separate and coherent clusters, with some nouns sounding more typical of the noun category than others and likewise for verbs. Additional analyses reveal that the phonological properties of nouns and verbs affect lexical access, and we also demonstrate the influence of such properties during the on-line processing of both simple unambiguous and syntactically ambiguous sentences. Thus, although the sound of a word may not provide cues to its specific meaning, phonological typicality, the degree to which the sound properties of an individual word are typical of other words in its lexical category, affects both word-and sentence-level language processing. The findings are consistent with a perspective on language comprehension in which sensitivity to multiple syntactic constraints in adulthood emerges as a product of language-development processes that are driven by the integration of multiple cues to linguistic structure, including phonological typicality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Phonological typicality influences on-line sentence comprehension

Farmer

Christiansen

Monaghan

2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

160

221

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“…However, there is no sublexical conflict when processing homophones unless one assumes that conflict arises because lexical phonology feeds back to competing orthographic representations, thus diluting the strict distinction between sublexical and lexical processing. The majority of research, however, has located phonological processing on the N400 component or even later (e.g., Bentin et al, 1999;Proverbio et al, 2004;Rugg, 1984;Newman and Connolly, 2004). The currently available ERP data do not allow us to decide whether phonological information is necessarily involved in visual word recognition and whether it is computed before lexical access.…”

Section: Orthographic and Phonological Processing In The Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phonological effects in visual word recognition were found in a number of tasks, such as backward masking (Perfetti and Bell, 1991), naming (Mechelli et Early Phonological Activation in Visual Word Recognition al., 2007;Rodriguez-Fornells et al, 2002), lexical decision (Pexman and Lupker, 2001;Ziegler et al, 2001), sentence reading (Newman and Connolly, 2004), letter search (Ziegler and Jacobs, 1995;Ziegler et al, 1997) and also semantic categorization (Van Orden, 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudohomophone effects provide evidence of early lexico‐phonological processing in visual word recognition

Braun¹,

Hutzler²,

Ziegler³

et al. 2008

Human Brain Mapping

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Previous research using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) suggested that phonological processing in visual word recognition occurs rather late, typically after semantic or syntactic processing. Here we show that phonological activation in visual word recognition can be observed much earlier. Using a lexical decision task, we show that ERPs to pseudohomophones (e.g., ROZE) differed from well matched spelling controls (e.g., ROFE) as early as 150 ms (P150) after stimulus onset. The pseudohomophone effect occurred as early as the word frequency effect suggesting that phonological activation occurs early enough to influence lexical access. Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography analysis (LORETA) revealed that left temporo-parietal and right fronto-temporal areas are the likely brain regions associated with the processing of phonological information at the lexical level. Altogether, the results show that phonological processes are activated early in visual word recognition and play an important role in lexical access.

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“…They proposed that the amplitude of the N270 is modulated by mismatches between the orthographic input and the orthographic expectations elicited by the context. Therefore, following Newman and Connolly (2004) and Vissers et al (2006) additional analyses were performed on the most negative peak in the 200-350 ms window. These analyses showed an effect of Cloze probability for the midline sites [F(1,27) = 21.76, p b 0.00] and lateral sites [F(1,27) = 11.71, p b 0.01], indicating that the amplitude of the N270 was larger for the low than the high cloze probability conditions.…”

Section: N400 Cloze Probability Effect Of Words and Misspellingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring in language perception: Electrophysiological and hemodynamic responses to spelling violations

et al. 2011

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The monitoring theory of language perception proposes that competing representations that are caused by strong expectancy violations can trigger a conflict which elicits reprocessing of the input to check for possible processing errors. This monitoring process is thought to be reflected by the P600 component in the EEG. The present study further investigated this monitoring process by comparing syntactic and spelling violations in an EEG and an fMRI experiment. To assess the effect of conflict strength, misspellings were embedded in sentences that were weakly or strongly predictive of a critical word. In support of the monitoring theory, syntactic and spelling violations elicited similarly distributed P600 effects. Furthermore, the P600 effect was larger to misspellings in the strongly compared to the weakly predictive sentences. The fMRI results showed that both syntactic and spelling violations increased activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus (lIFG), while only the misspellings activated additional areas. Conflict strength did not affect the hemodynamic response to spelling violations. These results extend the idea that the lIFG is involved in implementing cognitive control in the presence of representational conflicts in general to the processing of errors in language perception. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. General introduction"Mistakes are a fact of life. It is the response to error that counts" (Nikki Giovanni). This quote nicely illustrates that we are bound to make mistakes but that we can also use the thereby obtained information to adjust our behaviour. To learn from our mistakes, however, we must be able to detect them. The detection of errors and the adjustments in behaviour require cognitive control. Cognitive control processes manage and guide other cognitive processes according to internal goals. One aspect of cognitive control is monitoring, which deals with the detection and repair of errors. Errors occur when there is a mismatch between what we intend or expect and what we do or observe. When such a mismatch is detected, compensatory adjustments are triggered in the processing pathways that are involved, leading to a repair.Mistakes, of course, occur in various domains, and here we are interested in the language domain. In this field, the main focus has been on error monitoring in language production. For language production, researchers have been interested in speech errors and their repairs (for a review see Levelt, 1983). However, in language perception error monitoring takes place as well. For example, sometimes we mishear what another person is saying and ask for a clarification: "Did I understand you correctly…?". Another type of perceptual language errors are mistakes that are made while reading a text. Kaufman and Obler (1995) call these 'slips of the eye', and showed that normal adult readers make various kinds of these errors. For instance, sometimes words are inserted, omitted or exchanged, the parsing of a word or sentence can be erroneous (e.g., reading posts as...

show abstract

Determining the role of phonology in silent reading using event-related brain potentials

Cited by 68 publications

References 38 publications

Phonological typicality influences on-line sentence comprehension

Phonological typicality influences on-line sentence comprehension

Pseudohomophone effects provide evidence of early lexico‐phonological processing in visual word recognition

Monitoring in language perception: Electrophysiological and hemodynamic responses to spelling violations

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