Determining the wounding effects of ballistic projectiles to inform future injury models: a systematic review

Breeze, John; Sedman, Andrew J.; James, G R; Newbery, T W; Hepper, A.

doi:10.1136/jramc-2013-000099

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…High energy bullets for example generally result in high-energy transfer, causing irreversible tissue damage at some distance away from the projectile path 47 71. The next step to this work therefore needs to address models that enable the visualisation of the coverage of armour and incorporate injury prediction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining the essential anatomical coverage provided by military body armour against high energy projectiles

et al. 2015

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Those structures requiring essential medical coverage by a plate were demonstrated to be the heart, great vessels, liver and spleen. For the 50th centile male anthropometric model used in this study, the front and rear plates from the Enhanced Combat Body Armour system only provide limited coverage, but do fulfil their original requirement. The plates from the current Mark 4a OSPREY system cover all of the structures identified in this study as requiring coverage except for the abdominal sections of the aorta and inferior vena cava. Further work on sizing of plates is recommended due to its potential to optimise essential medical coverage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining the essential anatomical coverage provided by military body armour against high energy projectiles

et al. 2015

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“…Injuries to tissue are the result of the cutting and crushing effect of the projectile, in conjunction with the rapid expansion effect of the temporary cavity, causing stretching of tissues beyond their stress and strain limits 13. The primary resultant wounding mechanism is the formation of a permanent wound tract (PWT), which is defined as the area of irreversible damage specific to that type of tissue.…”

Section: Interaction Between Weapon Effects and Anatomical Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a method of defining the resultant injury is required when the PWT, for example, only interacts with part of an anatomical structure. A simplistic approach would be to assume destruction of any structure within the path, but this in turn could overestimate injuries, particularly to larger structures, which may only be partially damaged 13. This could be demonstrated when describing the interaction between an artery and the PWT; a small overlap of the wound tract might cause a perforation, but a larger overlap would cause a transection.…”

Section: Injury Scoring Of Damage To Anatomical Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury representation against ballistic threats using three novel numerical models

et al. 2016

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Injury modelling of ballistic threats is a valuable tool for informing policy on personal protective equipment and other injury mitigation methods. Currently, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and Centre for Protection of National Infrastructure (CPNI) are focusing on the development of three interlinking numerical models, each of a different fidelity, to answer specific questions on current threats. High-fidelity models simulate the physical events most realistically, and will be used in the future to test the medical effectiveness of personal armour systems. They are however generally computationally intensive, slow running and much of the experimental data to base their algorithms on do not yet exist. Medium fidelity models, such as the personnel vulnerability simulation (PVS), generally use algorithms based on physical or engineering estimations of interaction. This enables a reasonable representation of reality and greatly speeds up runtime allowing full assessments of the entire body area to be undertaken. Low-fidelity models such as the human injury predictor (HIP) tool generally use simplistic algorithms to make injury predictions. Individual scenarios can be run very quickly and hence enable statistical casualty assessments of large groups, where significant uncertainty concerning the threat and affected population exist. HIP is used to simulate the blast and penetrative fragmentation effects of a terrorist detonation of an improvised explosive device within crowds of people in metropolitan environments. This paper describes the collaboration between MoD and CPNI using an example of all three fidelities of injury model and to highlight future areas of research that are required.

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“…[17][18][19][20] Protection from these mechanisms has evolved into a science of itself, with the aim of producing increasingly light materials that can withstand high-energy contact. [17][18][19][20] Protection from these mechanisms has evolved into a science of itself, with the aim of producing increasingly light materials that can withstand high-energy contact.…”

Section: Injury Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Military plastic surgery

Staruch

Hettiaratchy

2015

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

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Determining the wounding effects of ballistic projectiles to inform future injury models: a systematic review

Cited by 33 publications

References 48 publications

Defining the essential anatomical coverage provided by military body armour against high energy projectiles

Defining the essential anatomical coverage provided by military body armour against high energy projectiles

Injury representation against ballistic threats using three novel numerical models

Military plastic surgery

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