Deterministic Integration of Biological and Soft Materials onto 3D Microscale Cellular Frameworks

McCracken, Joselle M.; Xu, Sheng; Badea, Adina; Jang, Kyung In; Yan, Zheng; Wetzel, David J.; Nan, Kewang; Lin, Qing; Han, Mengdi; Anderson, Mikayla A.; Lee, Jung Woo; Wei, Zijun; Pharr, Matt; Wang, Renhan; Su, Jessica K.; Rubakhin, Stanislav S.; Sweedler, Jonathan V.; Rogers, John A.; Nuzzo, Ralph G.

doi:10.1002/adbi.201700068

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…(iv) It produces structures that can be deformed reversibly by reapplying strain, which can be used to fabricate more complex structures and actuators. This approach differs from prior work, in which strain relaxation formed buckled “pop‐up” structures on flat elastomeric substrates, in that the approach described here allows the entire composite structure, including the substrate, to be fabricated with positive or negative curvature.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabricating 3D Structures by Combining 2D Printing and Relaxation of Strain

Cafferty

Campbell

Rothemund

et al. 2018

Adv Materials Technologies

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materials to achieve extreme overhangs, and are limited by trade-offs between the speed of printing and the minimum feature sizes and surface roughness. [8,9] In contrast, "2D printing" techniques (such as digital printing and screen printing) are rapid, relatively inexpensive, and routinely achieve sub-millimeter feature sizes.Nature has also evolved the ability to form complex 3D structures (e.g., leaves, flowers, and tendrils) from initially quasiplanar structures. [10][11][12][13][14][15] These 2D to 3D transformations have inspired the design of synthetic structures that display complex changes in shape when subjected to appropriate stimuli (surface or interfacial stress, edge stress, misfit strain, residual stress, differential growth, swelling, and mechanical instabilities). [16,17] These processes also suggest possible routes to micro-and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS), [18,19] and to systems for drug delivery, [20] actuation, [19,21] microrobotics, [22,23] and new materials. [23,24] In this paper, we describe a technique to fabricate 3D structures from planar elastomeric bilayers with mismatched strain that is compatible with digital printing. We determine that a relatively simple set of primitive structures printed on a prestretched 2D sheet can result in a variety of complex 3D objects by producing both positive and negative curvature of whole parts, as well as "pop-up" structures on 2D or 3D sheets. This paper describes the fabrication of elastomeric three-dimensional (3D) structures starting from two-dimensional (2D) sheets using a combination of direct-ink printing and relaxation of strain. These structures are fabricated in a two-step process: first, elastomeric inks are deposited as 2D structures on a stretched elastomeric sheet, and second, after curing of the elastomeric inks, relaxation of strain in the 2D sheet causes it to deform into a 3D shape. To predict bending of elastomeric objects fabricated with this technique, a simple mechanical model is developed. The strategy of using initially 2D materials to fabricate 3D structures offers four new features that complement digital fabrication techniques. (i) It provides a simple route to create shapes with complex curves, suspended features, and internal cavities. (ii) It is a faster method of fabricating some types of shapes than "conventional" 3D printing, because the features are printed in 2D. (iii) It forms surfaces that can be both smoother, and structured in a way that is not compatible with layer-by-layer processing. (iv) It forms structures that can be deformed reversibly after fabrication by reapplying strain. This paper demonstrates these features by fabrication of helices, structures inspired by cubes and tables, "pop-up" structures, and soft grippers. 3D PrintingThe term "3D printing" encompasses additive manufacturing techniques that use one or more translational elements (stage and/or printing heads) that are controlled by a computer to move an ink deposition nozzle, or laser-writing optics, to fabricate a digitally ...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabricating 3D Structures by Combining 2D Printing and Relaxation of Strain

Cafferty

Campbell

Rothemund

et al. 2018

Adv Materials Technologies

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“…In addition to these classes of devices, this buckling approach to assembly can be used to realize many other 3D systems, including microrobots, [47] templates for growth of functional materials at high temperatures, [47] passive frameworks for guided cell growth, [128] and tunable microbalances. [129] Future advances will leverage established manufacturing methods from the semiconductor industry and transform the resulting planar technologies into 3D systems with applications in cell/ tissue engineering, biointegrated electronics, biosensing, thermal and mechanical energy harvesting, soft robotics, and many others.…”

Section: Functional 3d Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assembly of Advanced Materials into 3D Functional Structures by Methods Inspired by Origami and Kirigami: A Review

Ning

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2018

Adv Materials Inter

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217

146

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expand the range of accessible 3D geometries. [5-8] Due to their shape-adaptive nature, origami and kirigami, originally applied only to paper, can serve as routes to large-scale structural systems that require packaging and deployment, such as foldable solar panels, [9,10] retractable roofs, [11] deployable sunshields, [12] and many others. [13] More recent work demonstrates that these and related methods for assembling planar materials into complex 3D structures can exploit sophisticated 2D fabrication technologies and thin film materials from the electronics/optoelectronics industries, to yield functional systems in 3D designs that were previously unachievable. [14-18] In this way, the techniques of origami/kirigami can enable many classes of nontraditional devices not only at the macroscale but also at the micro/ nanoscale, with the potential to open up opportunities for unusual engineering designs in microsystems technologies. [19-22] Much research in origami/kirigami assembly aims to extend the range of length scales and the scope of functional materials that can be realized in 3D systems, and to transfer those ideas and Origami and kirigami, the ancient techniques for making paper works of art, also provide inspiration for routes to structural platforms in engineering applications, including foldable solar panels, retractable roofs, deployable sunshields, and many others. Recent work demonstrates the utility of the methods of origami/kirigami and conceptually related schemes in cutting, folding, and buckling in the construction of devices for emerging classes of technologies, with examples in mechanical/optical metamaterials, stretchable/ conformable electronics, micro/nanoscale biosensors, and large-amplitude actuators. Specific notable progress is in the deployment of functional materials such as single-crystal silicon, shape memory polymers, energy-storage materials, and graphene into elaborate 3D micro and nanoscale architectures. This review highlights some of the most important developments in this field, with a focus on routes to assembly that apply across a range of length scales and with advanced materials of relevance to practical applications. Hall of Fame Article The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under

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“…D, Colorized SEM image of a solenoid array (left, scale bar 500 μm), schematics of DIW poly(ethylene glycol)/media‐3T3 gel deposited locally onto the solenoid array (middle), and a migrating 3T3 cell on the solenoid array (right, scale bars 5 μm). Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2017, Wiley‐VCH…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Figure D, McCracken et al conducted a comprehensive study by using a Si‐based microscale 3D framework to regulate cultured cell behaviors. The Si‐based 3D scaffolds were fabricated via the compressive force‐guided assembly mentioned in previous sections (Figure D, left).…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D electronic and photonic structures as active biological interfaces

Wang

Sun

Yin

et al. 2019

InfoMat

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Biocompatible materials and structures with three-dimensional (3D) architectures establish an ideal platform for the integration of living cells and tissues, serving as desirable interfaces between biotic and abiotic systems. While conventional 3D bioscaffolds provide a mechanical support for biomatters, emerging developments of micro-, nano-, and mesoscale electronic and photonic devices offer new paradigms in analyzing and interrogating biosystems. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the development of 3D functional biointerfaces, with a particular focus on electrically and optically active materials, devices, and structures. We first give an overview of representative methods for manufacturing 3D biointegrated structures, such as chemical synthesis, microfabrication, mechanical assembly, and 3D printing. Subsequently, exemplary 3D nano-, micro-, and mesostructures based on various materials, including semiconductors, metals, and polymers are presented. Finally, we highlight the latest progress on versatile applications of such active 3D structures in the biomedical field, like cell culturing, biosignal sensing/modulation, and tissue regeneration. We believe future 3D micro-, nano-, and mesostructures that incorporate electrical and/or optical functionalities will not only profoundly advance the fundamental studies in biological sciences, but also create enormous opportunities for medical diagnostics and therapies. K E Y W O R D S

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Deterministic Integration of Biological and Soft Materials onto 3D Microscale Cellular Frameworks

Cited by 21 publications

References 88 publications

Fabricating 3D Structures by Combining 2D Printing and Relaxation of Strain

Fabricating 3D Structures by Combining 2D Printing and Relaxation of Strain

Assembly of Advanced Materials into 3D Functional Structures by Methods Inspired by Origami and Kirigami: A Review

3D electronic and photonic structures as active biological interfaces

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