Development of mature oil fields has been, and will increasingly be, an attractive subject.Mature field development practices can be divided into two major groups:well engineering andreservoir engineering.This paper focuses on the reservoir engineering aspects.
An extensive review of previously reported reservoir management practices for mature field development is provided.After the definition of mature field and an overview, different aspects of mature field development are outlined.The first issue covered is the estimation of remaining reserves focusing on the determination of the amount and location of the residual oil after primary and secondary recovery using field, log, and core data.After valuing the remaining oil, methods to recover it are classified.They include tertiary recovery, infill drilling, horizontals, optimal waterflooding design for mature fields, optimal well placement and other reservoir management practices.Suggested or implemented field application examples for big fields owned by majors and small fields owned by independents are presented.
Special attention is given to tertiary oil recovery.An extensive review and critical analysis of tertiary recovery techniques covering the theoretical, practical, and economical aspects of it are provided.The emphasis is on their applicability in mature field development in terms of effectiveness (incremental recovery) and efficiency (cost and recovery time).Laboratory and field scale applications of different tertiary recovery techniques, i.e., gas (double displacement, WAG, and miscible-immiscible HC, CO[2], and N[2]), chemical (dilute surfactant, polymer, and micellar injection), and thermal (air and steam) injection, conducted to develop mature fields are included.Specific examples of big/giant fields, fields producing for decades, and mid to small size fields were selected.Differences in reservoir management strategies for majors, independents, and national oil companies are discussed.
Introduction
The world average of oil recovery factor is estimated 35%.Additional recovery over this "easy oil" depends on the availability of proper technologies, economic viability, and effective reservoir management strategies.On the other hand, chance of discovering giant fields remarkably decreases1. The discovery rate for the giant fields peaked in the late 60s and early 70s and declined remarkably in the last two decades. About thirty giant fields comprise half of the world oil reserves and most of them are categorized as mature field.The development of those fields entails new and economically viable techniques, and proper reservoir management strategies.
Mature field development is a broad subject.It can, however, be divided into two main parts:Well development, andreservoir development.Depending on the field type, history, and prospects, the development plans could be done on either one or both.
This paper covers reservoir engineering aspects of mature field development.Determination of the amount and location of the remaining oil is the key issue in this exercise.Techniques to improve the recovery factor such as tertiary recovery, infills, horizontals, and optimal placement of the new wells are the other elements of reservoir development.
Definition and elements of mature field development
Oil fields after a certain production period are called mature field.A more specific definition of mature fields is the fields reached the peak of their production or producing fields in declining mode.A third definition could be the fields reached their economic limit after primary and secondary recovery efforts.Fig. 1 shows a typical production life of a field.Any points indicated by a question mark can be considered as the time when the maturity is reached.The tendency, however, is to define the decline period indicated by the arrow in Fig. 1, which is typically reached after having some secondary recovery efforts.Increasing water and gas production, decreasing pressure, and aging equipment are other indicators of maturity.